Table 2.

Example strategies and uses of D&I to improve the translational process of research conduct within each research stage

	IFDIT stage objective	Research method and output	Potential use of translational science	Potential use of dissemination science	Potential use of implementation science
Basic research	To determine whether targets, markers, or pathways exist	Basic and pre-clinical studies that generate knowledge about new targets, markers, or pathways	Develop lab registries and open science models that share insights and avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts	Seek to understand social pressures among basic scientists that inform the research questions they pursue	Study the effect of strategies to improve routine use of efficient, best practice lab procedures among staff
Pre-clinical research	To determine whether target, marker, or pathway can be influenced in humans	Phase 1 trials that generate knowledge about whether interventions work in humans	Advance novel study designs that improve the efficiency of phase 1 trials	Apply marketing principles to inform participant recruitment strategies to trials	Use behavioral economic strategies to improve participant engagement and retention in trials
Clinical research	To determine whether interventions are effective in patients	Phase 2 and 3 trials that generate knowledge about whether interventions help patients	Develop multi-site IRBs and other infrastructures to increase study efficiency	Utilize key opinions leaders to optimize communication among study teams at multiple sites	Use audit and feedback to improve adherence to study protocols among study teams
Clinical implementation	To determine whether interventions can be effectively delivered in practice	Phase 4 and pragmatic trials that generate knowledge about whether interventions help patients in practice and how to implement them in these settings	Develop clinical and practice-based research networks that can respond quickly to conduct T3 research	Conduct studies to ascertain optimal strategy for disseminating evidence to improve intervention adoption and reach	Conduct studies to identify and reduce key barriers to adopting and implementing in routine practice, and to reduce disparities in implementation
Public health	To determine whether interventions can be effectively delivered to improve population health	Observational, outcome-based studies and implementation research that generate knowledge about whether and how interventions improve population health	Develop informatics approaches and big data practices to efficiently monitor effects of wide-spread intervention roll-out	Conduct comparative studies of different dissemination strategies to determine most cost-effective method of reaching target settings and audiences	Conduct comparative studies of different implementation strategies to determine most cost-effective method of sustainably implementing in target settings

D&I, dissemination and implementation; IFDIT, Integrative Framework of Dissemination, Implementation and Translation.