Table 3.

Example strategies and uses of D&I to improve the translational process of research application between translational stages

	IFDIT inter-stage gap objective	Potential use of translational science	Potential use of dissemination science	Potential use of implementation science	Potential synergizing application of all three sciences
Basic research to pre-clinical research	To have knowledge about a potential therapeutic target tried in humans	Develop phased funding mechanisms to pre-emptively pair pre-clinical scientists and phase 1 trialists	Compare strategies for disseminating evidence from basic research to potentially receptive pre-clinical research centers	In designing pre-clinical research intervention for trial, consider barriers to adoption of similar interventions and modify	Team science initiatives that partner multi-disciplinary basic and clinical scientists and industry
Pre-clinical research to clinical research	To have knowledge about an efficacious intervention in humans tried in patients	Develop funding incentives and RFAs targeted to promising pre-clinical results that encourage clinical research uptake	Compare strategies for disseminating evidence from pre-clinical research to potentially receptive clinical research centers, funders, and other stakeholder partners	In designing clinical research intervention for trial, use design methods to iteratively consider barriers to adoption among target patients and organizations and modify	Translational research centers within departments of academic medical centers
Clinical research to clinical implementation	To have knowledge about an efficacious intervention in patients evaluated in practice	Provide funding incentives and reduce administrative and human subjects burdens to increase receptivity for clinical implementation research	Identify organizations that could help disseminate the intervention once proven and co-create strategies for disseminating the evidence to optimize enrollment of diverse and representative practices	In designing clinical implementation intervention for trial, engage clinical stakeholders to identify barriers to adoption and modify; identify stakeholders that can lead in adopting the intervention in target organizations	Clinical and Practice-based research networks and public health collaborations
Clinical implementation to public health	To have knowledge about an effective intervention in practice evaluated in population	Develop partnerships with community stakeholders, policymakers, and the private sector that can facilitate efficient roll-out	Compare strategies for disseminating clinical implementation evidence to optimize adoption by diverse and representative end users	In research design, engage stakeholders in identifying optimal strategies for implementation	Region-level collaborations with policymakers, payers, advocacy groups, health systems, and public health networks

D&I, dissemination and implementation; IFDIT, Integrative Framework of Dissemination, Implementation and Translation.