Table 1. Characteristics of study participants according to green tea and coffee intake: elderly Japanese women (n = 1,992).
| Green tea intake (n = 1,992) | Coffee intake (n = 1,992) | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | Trend Pa | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | Trend Pa | |
| (n = 498) | (n = 498) | (n = 498) | (n = 498) | (n = 498) | (n = 498) | (n = 498) | (n = 498) | |||
| CES-D score | 11.2 (6.7)b | 11.2 (6.6) | 11.0 (6.6) | 10.4 (6.8) | 0.047 | 11.9 (7.5) | 10.7 (6.2) | 11.1 (6.3) | 10.2 (6.5) | 0.002 |
| Median intake, g/1,000 kcal | 22 (0–99)c | 190 (100–231) | 273 (232–319) | 390 (320–788) | 0 (0–3) | 21 (4–58) | 81 (59–106) | 194 (107–619) | ||
| Age, years | 73.9 (4.8) | 74.6 (5.0) | 74.9 (4.7) | 75.2 (5.3) | <0.0001 | 76.4 (5.3) | 74.8 (4.8) | 74.3 (4.6) | 73.0 (4.5) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.1 (3.3) | 22.7 (3.1) | 22.6 (2.9) | 22.6 (3.2) | 0.02 | 22.4 (3.1) | 23.0 (3.2) | 22.8 (3.1) | 22.6 (3.1) | 0.45 |
| Residential block, % | ||||||||||
| Hokkaido and Tohoku | 13.7 | 8.0 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 0.26 | 10.4 | 8.4 | 10.6 | 6.8 | 0.006 |
| Kanto | 11.8 | 27.7 | 29.3 | 31.7 | 30.5 | 31.3 | 22.9 | 15.9 | ||
| Hokuriku and Tokai | 26.9 | 25.9 | 21.3 | 21.5 | 21.9 | 22.5 | 24.1 | 27.1 | ||
| Kinki | 15.3 | 10.4 | 11.7 | 13.3 | 7.6 | 11.5 | 14.7 | 16.9 | ||
| Chugoku and Shikoku | 24.5 | 16.3 | 13.6 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 18.1 | 25.3 | ||
| Kyushu | 7.8 | 11.7 | 17.7 | 16.1 | 19.3 | 16.3 | 9.6 | 8.0 | ||
| Size of residential area, % | ||||||||||
| City with a population ≥1 million | 13.2 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 10.1 | 0.93 | 9.8 | 14.3 | 15.1 | 12.9 | 0.22 |
| City with a population <1 million | 75.1 | 73.1 | 75.5 | 80.3 | 78.7 | 75.1 | 73.5 | 76.7 | ||
| Town and village | 11.7 | 12.6 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 10.4 | ||
| Married, % | 60.0 | 64.1 | 60.6 | 58.6 | 0.44 | 60.4 | 58.0 | 61.9 | 63.1 | 0.23 |
| Living status (alone), % | 14.6 | 13.5 | 18.5 | 18.7 | 0.02 | 18.7 | 14.3 | 17.3 | 15.1 | 0.29 |
| Physical activity, METs/day | 39.0 (6.4) | 39.3 (6.6) | 39.2 (6.1) | 38.5 (6.6) | 0.18 | 37.8 (6.5) | 39.1 (6.3) | 39.1 (6.2) | 40.0 (6.4) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking, % | 3.2 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 0.27 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 3.8 | 0.04 |
| Current alcohol intake, % | 20.3 | 21.3 | 17.3 | 18.7 | 0.26 | 11.2 | 18.9 | 23.3 | 24.1 | <0.0001 |
| Education, % | ||||||||||
| Junior high school | 50.2 | 45.6 | 39.8 | 48.6 | 0.81 | 48.8 | 49.4 | 44.6 | 41.4 | 0.004 |
| High school | 38.6 | 46.2 | 48.8 | 45.2 | 44.4 | 41.0 | 45.2 | 48.2 | ||
| Junior college | 9.8 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 9.2 | ||
| University or higher | 1.4 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 00.2 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | ||
| Caffeine intake, mg/1,000 kcald | 96.4 (74.3) | 159.1 (59.7) | 198.2 (58.0) | 272.2 (79.8) | <0.0001 | 141.3 (80.5) | 153.0 (76.6) | 170.9 (69.1) | 260.8 (95.5) | <0.0001 |
| EPA+DHA intake, mg/1,000 kcal | 609.2 (338.7) | 679.5 (382.0) | 656.8 (331.5) | 605.8 (330.0) | 0.64 | 672.0 (393.4) | 655.3 (325.5) | 644.0 (324.2) | 579.9 (303.8) | <0.0001 |
| Folate intake, µg/1,000 kcal | 200.2 (68.4) | 227.2 (61.7) | 256.8 (68.7) | 273.7 (72.8) | <0.0001 | 245.1 (82.6) | 243.2 (69.8) | 237.1 (65.8) | 232.4 (71.9) | 0.003 |
| Dietary supplement use, % | 28.3 | 32.7 | 30.1 | 29.3 | 0.97 | 25.9 | 30.1 | 30.3 | 34.1 | 0.007 |
BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; METs, metabolic equivalent hours.
Participants with depressive symptoms were defined as a CES-D score ≥16.
aTrend P values were based on linear regression analysis for continuous variables with ordinal numbers 0–3 assigned to green tea and coffee intake categories, or Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for categorical variables.
bValues for continuous variables are in mean ± standard deviation (all such values).
cRange.
dCalculated from green tea, black tea and Chinese tea, coffee and cola.