Table 2. Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of depressive symptoms according to intake of green tea and coffee in elderly Japanese women (n = 1,992).

	Green tea intake (n = 1,992)					Coffee intake (n = 1,992)
	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	Trend Pa	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	Trend Pa
	(n = 498)	(n = 498)	(n = 498)	(n = 498)		(n = 498)	(n = 498)	(n = 498)	(n = 498)
Median intake, g/1,000 kcal	22 (0–99)	190 (100–231)	273 (232–319)	390 (320–788)		0 (0–3)	21 (4–58)	81 (59–106)	194 (107–619)
Depressive symptoms, %	22.0	24.5	21.3	20.3		28.5	20.3	21.1	18.3
Crude OR (95% CI)	1.00 (Reference)	1.14 (0.85–1.54)	0.95 (0.71–1.29)	0.90 (0.66–1.22)	0.30	1.00 (Reference)	0.63 (0.47–0.84)	0.66 (0.49–0.88)	0.56 (0.42–0.76)	0.0003
Age adjusted OR (95% CI)	1.00 (Reference)	1.11 (0.83–1.50)	0.91 (0.67–1.23)	0.84 (1.03–1.07)	0.15	1.00 (Reference)	0.68 (0.50–0.90)	0.71 (0.53–0.96)	0.64 (0.47–0.87)	0.008
Model 1b OR (95% CI)	1.00 (Reference)	1.14 (0.84–1.54)	0.94 (0.69–1.28)	0.82 (0.60–1.12)	0.12	1.00 (Reference)	0.68 (0.50–0.92)	0.73 (0.54–0.99)	0.66 (0.48–0.91)	0.01
Model 2c OR (95% CI)	1.00 (Reference)	1.28 (0.94–1.75)	1.07 (0.78–1.48)	0.87 (0.64–1.19)	0.21	1.00 (Reference)	0.70 (0.52–0.95)	0.75 (0.55–1.02)	0.65 (0.47–0.89)	0.01
Model 3d OR (95% CI)	1.00 (Reference)	1.28 (0.94–1.75)	1.06 (0.76–1.46)	0.85 (0.62–1.17)	0.16	1.00 (Reference)	0.70 (0.52–0.95)	0.73 (0.54–1.00)	0.64 (0.46–0.88)	0.01

BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; METs, metabolic equivalent hours.

Participants with depressive symptoms were defined as a CES-D score ≥16.

Green tea, coffee intake, EPA + DHA intake and folate intake were energy-adjusted according to the density method.

^aTrend P values were based on linear regression analysis for continuous variables with ordinal numbers 0–3 assigned to green tea or coffee intake categories.

^bModel 1: adjusted for age (years, continuous) and residential block (Hokkaido and Tohoku, Kanto, Hokuriku and Tokai, Kinki, Chugoku and Shikoku, and Kyushu), living status (alone or not alone), current smoking (yes or no), alcohol drinking (yes or no), marital status (married or unmarried), physical activity level (total metabolic equivalents hours/day: METs, continuous), size of residential area (city with a population ≥1 million, city with a population <1 million, and town and village), BMI (kg/m², continuous), and education (junior high school, high school junior college, and university and higher).

^cModel 2: adjusted for variables in model 1 with EPA + DHA intake (mg/1,000 kcal, continuous), folate intake (µg/1,000 kcal, continuous), and dietary supplement use (yes or no).

^dModel 3: adjusted for variables in model 2 with mutually adjusted for green tea intake (g/1,000 kcal) or coffee intake (g/1,000 kcal).