弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)是非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)中最常见的亚型,占西方成人NHL患者的30%~40%[1],占中国NHL患者的37.94%[2]。DLBCL在病理及临床方面呈高度异质性,患者对治疗的反应及预后也相差很大。分子病理及靶向治疗的发展,使DLBCL的预后评估因素有了很大进展。临床预后评估系统由国际预后指数(IPI),逐渐进展为年龄调整的IPI(aa-IPI)、改良的IPI(R-IPI)、NCCN-IPI,而且出现了新的分子预后因素,主要包括生发中心/非生发中心(GCB/non-GCB)分子亚型、Ki-67、C-Myc、Bcl-2、CD5、p53等。在本文中我们将就DLBCL临床预后系统的演进及分子预后因素的研究进展进行综述。
一、临床预后评估系统
IPI是目前应用最广泛的预后评估系统[3],包括年龄、体能状态、LDH、临床分期、结外器官受累数目5个因素,将DLBCL分为4个危险组。之后发现年龄是极为重要的预后因素,于是特别针对年龄<60岁的患者,形成aa-IPI[3]。在单纯化疗时代,IPI对于DLBCL的预后评估起很大作用。伴随CD20单克隆抗体的应用,DLBCL的治疗进入免疫化疗时代。Sehn等[4]研究显示IPI不能很好地评估R-CHOP方案治疗患者的预后,因此制定了R-IPI,将R-CHOP方案治疗的患者分为低危、中危、高危3个危险组,克服了之前低危与低中危组、中高危与高危组患者间生存曲线相互融合的问题。2014年Zhou等[5]通过对NCCN数据库资料进行分析,进一步针对IPI预后因素中的年龄、LDH进行细化,形成NCCN-IPI评估系统。与IPI相比,它适合所有方案治疗的患者,且患者均可以很好地分为低危、低中危、中高危及高危组。Melchardt等[6]对499例DLBCL患者进行分析,发现增加血浆白蛋白指标,可以使低危组的界限更精准,改善对老年DLBCL患者的预后分层,从而形成了改良的NCCN-IPI。
经历20年的进展,DLBCL的预后评估系统已经由来源于单纯化疗时期的IPI演进为更加细化、准确的NCCN-IPI,使DLBCL的预后评估更加完善,增加了个体化治疗的科学依据。然而随着分子预后新指标的不断出现,临床评估系统的预后作用已逐渐减弱,需要引起更多的关注。
二、分子预后因素
依据基因表达谱(GEP),DLBCL分为GCB、活化B细胞样(ABC)、UNC(不能分类型)3个不同的分子亚型。依据免疫组化Hans/Tally/Choi模型,分为GCB和non-GCB亚型。研究表明,不论是CHOP/CHOP样方案;还是R-CHOP方案,non-GCB亚型都是DLBCL独立的不良预后因素。Lenz等[7]对233例DLBCL患者进行GEP检测确定分子亚型,给予R-CHOP方案治疗,GCB亚型者5年总生存(OS)率≥80%,ABC亚型者≤50%。分子亚型和IPI都是DLBCL患者独立的预后因素,但是目前还没有一个系统将二者结合起来进行预后评估。随着分子病理学的进展,新的分子预后指标不断出现,目前具有独立预后意义的分子预后因素主要包括Ki-67、C-Myc、Bcl-2、CD5、p53等。
1.Ki-67:Ki-67为细胞核抗原,是细胞增殖标志物,也是恶性肿瘤重要的预后指标。Gaudio等[8]对接受CHOP/R-CHOP方案治疗的111例初诊DLBCL患者进行研究发现,接受R-CHOP方案治疗患者的Ki-67高表达(>80%)是患者OS、无进展生存(PFS)率降低的独立危险因素。但也有研究者认为,Ki-67高表达与DLBCL患者的预后无关[9]。最近有研究者对580例接受R-CHOP方案治疗的初诊DLBCL患者进行研究,发现Ki-67高表达(>70%)是影响伴有骨髓浸润者OS和PFS的独立预后因素(P值均<0.001)[10]。综上,多数研究者认为Ki-67高表达是DLBCL独立预后因素。但由于检测标准的差异,高表达的界定存在偏差,可能导致对预后的判定意义有所不同。
2.C-Myc:C-Myc是存在于8q24的原癌基因,编码的蛋白属于核转录调控因子,控制>10%的人类基因组基因。C-Myc基因和蛋白表达异常,与细胞增殖、分化和凋亡密切相关。有5%~10%的DLBCL患者存在C-Myc基因重排,该类患者对CHOP/CHOP样、R-CHOP方案或增强方案的疗效均很差。Zhou等[11]首次通过meta研究证实,C-Myc基因对DLBCL患者具有预后价值,C-Myc基因和蛋白表达异常者较不伴有者的OS和无事件生存(EFS)期短(基因异常:OS:HR=2.22,95% CI 1.89~2.61;EFS:HR=2.29,95% CI 1.81~2.90。蛋白异常:OS:HR=2.13, 95% CI 1.55~2.91; EFS:HR= 2.21, 95% CI 1.36~3.61)。Yoon等[12]研究证实,C-Myc异常以GCB亚型多见。
3.Bcl-2:Bcl-2是凋亡抑制基因,阳性表达诱导淋巴瘤细胞产生耐药。30%~60%的DLBCL患者高表达Bcl-2,在单纯化疗时代是独立于IPI的预后因素[13]。Mounier等[14]研究发现,在Bcl-2阳性的DLBCL患者中,R-CHOP方案治疗组的总有效率及PFS、OS率显著高于CHOP方案治疗组;Bcl-2阴性患者中则两组治疗方案上述差异无统计学意义,提示利妥昔单抗可克服Bcl-2带来的不利预后。
4.CD5:CD5是跨膜糖蛋白,主要表达于正常T细胞,少部分表达于正常或恶变的B细胞。5%~10%的DLBCL患者伴有CD5阳性,临床特征为老年女性较多、结外浸润、初诊为晚期、预后很差,R-CHOP方案可改善其PFS率,但不能改善OS率[15]。Miyazaki等[16]研究发现,12%的CD5阳性DLBCL患者伴有中枢神经系统累及,OS率较阴性者明显降低(P<0.001)。CD5阳性DLBCL以non-GCB型为主[15],[17]。
5.p53:p53是重要的抑癌基因。有研究显示,21.4%的DLBCL患者伴有p53基因突变,其中90.2%为单一核苷酸突变,9.8%为其他突变;p53基因突变主要影响GCB亚型患者的预后[18]。Kaplan-Meier分析结果显示,p53基因突变患者的预后明显差于无突变者,是DLBCL患者的独立预后因素[19]–[20]。
与治疗相关的最新分子预后进展详见表1。DLBCL相关信号通路有BCR信号途径、NF-κB信号途径、JAK-STAT信号途径等,与其相关的特异性抑制剂正不断出现[21]–[38]。其中硼替佐米、Ibrutinib可以抑制NF-κB的活性,在治疗复发难治性ABC型DLBCL患者方面获得广泛关注[39]。最新研究表明,Ibrutinib与S-Mepazin可以协同作用治疗CD79突变的DLBCL[40],与HSp90信号通路相关的elF4E抑制剂可与HSp70抑制剂协同作用从而发挥对双打击或三打击DLBCL的抗肿瘤活性[41],Cerdulatinib对ABC型和GCB型DLBCL患者均有显著的治疗效果[24]。可见靶向药物不仅在单独使用时疗效好,部分还可以协同作用增强疗效,也有靶向药物在不同信号通路均有作用靶点因而治疗效果显著,因此靶向治疗有望明显改善DLBCL患者的预后。
表1. DLBCL相关信号通路及靶向药物.
| 信号通路 | 作用靶点 | 药物名称 | 作者及参考文献 |
| BCR信号途径 | Syk | FosD(R788)、GS9973、Cerdulatinib、R406 | Suljagic等[22],Sharman等[23],Ma等[24],Szydlowski等[25] |
| BTK | Ibrutinib(PCI-32765)、QL-X-138 | Herman等[26],Wu等[27] | |
| NF-κB信号途径 | MALT1 | Z-VRPR-FMK、S-Mepazin Phenothiazine衍生物(Mepazine、Thioridozine Promazine) | Nagel等[28] |
| IKK | Withaferin A、JQ1 | Jackson等[29],Ceribelli等[30] | |
| IκB | Bay 11-7085 | Hussain等[31] | |
| PI3K | Idelalisib(GS-1101或CAL-101) | Bodo等[32] | |
| PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号途径 | Akt | Perifosine、MK-2206、Nelfinavir | Friedman等[33],Petrich等[34] |
| mTOR | Temsirolimus、Everoliums(RAD001) | Hess等[35],Barnes等[36] | |
| JAK-STAT信号途径 | JAK | Pacritinib(SB-1518)、Cerdulatinib | Derenzini等[37],Ma等[24] |
| Raf-MEK-ERK信号途径 | MNK | Cercosporamide、QL-X-138 | Sussman等[38],Wu等[27] |
注:BCR:B细胞受体;Syk:脾酪氨酸激酶;BTK:布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶;MALT1:黏膜相关淋巴组织蛋白1;IKK:人κB抑制蛋白激酶;IκB:核因子κB的抑制蛋白;PI3K:磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶;Akt:丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶;mTOR:哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白;JAK:Janus激酶;MNK:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶作用激酶
总之,non-GCB亚型、Ki-67高表达、C-Myc及Bcl-2基因异常、CD5阳性表达的DLBCL患者预后差,这些分子预后标志在临床预后评估系统的基础上进一步将DLBCL患者的预后分为不同亚层。随着对DLBCL相关信号通路研究的不断深入,与其相关的特异性抑制剂也不断出现,部分药物经临床试验证实具有显著的治疗效果,对于改善患者预后有重要意义。随着精准医学时代的到来,是否可以将临床与分子预后因素相结合,建立更加完善的DLBCL预后评估体系,同时充分应用靶向治疗的优势,从而实施更加精准的个体化治疗,依然需要全球性、多中心、大样本的临床研究。
Funding Statement
基金项目:吉林省省级经济结构战略调整引导资金专项(2014Y090)
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