Table 3.
Adult-report and child-report of parenting outcomes using an intention-to-treat analysis and adjusting for differences at baseline*
| Parent-report (n=248) | Child-report (n=176) | ||||||||
| Pre M (SD) |
Post M (SD) |
ffect Size† |
95% CI | Pre M (SD) |
Post M (SD) |
Effect Size† |
95% CI | ||
| Total positive parenting | Total positive parenting | ||||||||
| A+P | 78.07 (16.43) | 84.81 (14.93) | 0.26 | −0.10 to 0.62 | A+P | 86.16 (15.45) | 96.20 (14.21) | −0.05 | −0.49 to 0.38 |
| A-only | 78.10 (16.10) | 79.99 (15.63) | −0.03 | −0.37 to 0.32 | A-only | 87.58 (15.35) | 88.39 (17.82) | −0.50 | −0.91 to −0.10 |
| P-only | 75.68 (14.81) | 82.44 (18.90) | 0.20 | −0.17 to 0.56 | P-only | 93.42 (14.70) | 98.44 (11.69) | −0.08 | −0.50 to 0.34 |
| Controls | 75.87 (13.33) | 79.34 (17.65) | Controls | 93.31 (13.83) | 99.10 (15.30) | ||||
| Positive involvement | Positive involvement | ||||||||
| A+P | 15.17 (7.56) | 18.74 (8.58) | 0.33 | −0.03 to 0.69 | A+P | 13.99 (7.73) | 17.00 (8.71) | −0.18 | −0.70 to 0.34 |
| A-only | 15.11 (8.50) | 15.91 (9.32) | 0.03 | −0.32 to 0.37 | A-only | 15.90 (7.39) | 15.15 (10.42) | −0.47 | −0.95 to 0.01 |
| P-only | 14.20 (9.21) | 18.01 (11.0) | 0.29 | −0.08 to 0.65 | P-only | 16.66 (8.36) | 19.78 (7.38) | 0.01 | −0.49 to 0.51 |
| Controls | 15.20 (7.91) | 15.69 (9.79) | Controls | 17.26 (7.94) | 19.66 (9.82) | ||||
| Positive interaction | Positive interaction | ||||||||
| A+P | 11.98 (5.22) | 13.84 (5.38) | 0.31 | −0.05 to 0.67 | A+P | 10.85 (5.31) | 13.43 (6.52) | −0.00 | −0.52 to 0.51 |
| A-only | 12.32 (5.01) | 12.32 (5.32) | 0.04 | −0.30 to 0.38 | A-only | 11.92 (5.07) | 11.83 (7.23) | −0.32 | −0.79 to 0.15 |
| P-only | 11.71 (5.71) | 12.22 (6.46) | 0.04 | −0.33 to 0.40 | P-only | 12.48 (5.04) | 14.60 (4.89) | 0.10 | −0.39 to 0.59 |
| Controls | 11.13 (5.34) | 11.91 (6.47) | Controls | 12.90 (4.66) | 14.01 (6.17) | ||||
| Poor supervision | Poor supervision | ||||||||
| A+P | 9.47 (5.89) | 8.37 (4.64) | −0.22 | −0.57 to 0.14 | A+P | 1.37 (1.17) | 1.00 (1.08) | −0.15 | −0.63 to 0.34 |
| A-only | 9.79 (5.52) | 9.01 (5.06) | −0.10 | −0.44 to 0.24 | A-only | 1.08 (1.18) | 1.01 (1.34) | −0.11 | −0.56 to 0.35 |
| P-only | 10.64 (5.64) | 8.59 (4.85) | −0.23 | −0.59 to 0.14 | P-only | 0.79 (1.06) | 0.91 (1.31) | −0.18 | −0.65 to 0.29 |
| Controls | 10.53 (5.59) | 9.64 (4.83) | Controls | 1.05 (1.10) | 1.15 (1.50) | ||||
| Inconsistent discipline | Inconsistent discipline | ||||||||
| A+P | 7.55 (3.04) | 7.22 (3.80) | 0.30 | −0.24 to 0.83 | A+P | 7.58 (2.89) | 7.90 (2.93) | −0.13 | −0.71 to 0.44 |
| A-only | 7.49 (2.98) | 6.75 (3.95) | 0.21 | −0.31 to 0.72 | A-only | 9.02 (3.06) | 7.84 (4.13) | −0.08 | −0.61 to 0.44 |
| P-only | 7.82 (4.18) | 6.69 (3.43) | 0.18 | −0.35 to 0.71 | P-only | 7.92 (3.11) | 8.31 (3.38) | −0.02 | −0.56 to 0.53 |
| Controls | 7.65 (3.65) | 6.01 (3.59) | Controls | 7.95 (2.87) | 8.14 (4.04) | ||||
| Effective discipline | Effective discipline | ||||||||
| A+P | 3.93 (2.38) | 3.76 (2.04) | 0.11 | −0.25 to 0.47 | A+P | 3.92 (2.81) | 3.13 (2.46) | −0.38 | −0.88 to 0.12 |
| A-only | 3.94 (2.26) | 3.70 (2.50) | 0.08 | −0.26 to 0.43 | A-only | 4.14 (3.34) | 3.78 (3.95) | −0.17 | −0.62 to 0.29 |
| P-only | 4.23 (3.40) | 3.66 (2.29) | 0.07 | −0.29 to 0.44 | P-only | 3.80 (2.74) | 3.90 (2.65) | −0.14 | −0.62 to 0.33 |
| Controls | 3.72 (2.28) | 3.50 (2.64) | Controls | 3.54 (2.74) | 4.28 (3.76) | ||||
| Harsh parenting‡ | |||||||||
| A+P | 5.23 (3.65) | 2.81 (2.71) | −0.19 | −0.82 to 0.45 | |||||
| A-only | 5.04 (3.91) | 4.36 (3.74) | 0.35 | −0.23 to 0.93 | |||||
| P-only | 4.41 (3.25) | 3.65 (2.51) | 0.10 | −0.50 to 0.69 | |||||
| Controls | 3.87 (3.19) | 3.11 (2.74) | |||||||
*Alabama Parenting Questionnaire.
†Hedges Dw effect sizes for parenting behaviour based on comparisons of postassessment scores for each treatment arm with the control arm using linear-mixed effects models with REML and controlling for baseline differences.
‡Harsh parenting subscale was child-report only;; Significant effects are in bold (95% CI not crossing 0); borderline effects are in italics (95% CI crossover within ±0.10 of 0).
A-only, agribusiness only; A+P, agribusiness plus parenting; P-only, parenting only; REML, restricted maximum likelihood.