Table 3.

Susceptibility, symptoms, viral replication and pathology in laboratory animals infected with SARS-CoV-2

Animal Species/Strain	Susceptibility and Symptoms	Viral replication/distribution in organs	Histopathological changes	Ref
Rhesus Monkeys (infected with 106 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2 strain)	▪ Transient clinical signs of disease like loss of body weight, hunched posture, reduced appetite and increased respiration rate ▪ No changes in body temperature	▪ Viral RNA detected in nasal, pharyngeal and rectal swabs ▪ Viral replication evident in lungs and extra-pulmonary organs like heart, spinal cord, gut, skeletal muscle and urinary bladder	▪ Moderate interstitial pneumonia, macrophage accumulation in alveoli, thickened alveolar septa, alveolar epithelial degradation, ▪ bilateral ground glass opacification of lungs	Bao 2020a
Cats (infected with 105 PFU of CTan-H strain)	▪ Respiratory droplet transmission from infected cat to non-infected cat	▪ Viral RNA detected in trachea, lungs, small intestine, tonsils, soft palate and nasal turbinate at 3 day PI in sub-adult cats ▪ Viral RNA detected in both upper respiratory tract and lungs in juvenile cats ▪ Respiratory droplet transmission from infected cat to non-infected cat	▪ Lesions observed in upper and lower respiratory tract in juvenile cats	Shi 2020
Ferrets (infected with 105 PFU of F13-E strain and CTan-H strain of SARS-CoV-2)	▪ 1/3 ferret developed loss of appetite and fever	▪ Viral RNA detected in tonsils, nasal turbinate and soft palate of all ferrets and not in any other organ ▪ Viral RNA detected in nasal washes and rectal swab	▪ Vasculitis, increased type II pneumocytes, neutrophilic infiltration in alveolar lumen and septa ▪ Lungs showing mild peribronchitis	Shi 2020
Beagle Dogs (infected with 105 PFU of CTan-H strain)	▪ No symptoms reported	▪ Viral RNA detected in rectal swabs ▪ Viral RNA not detected in any organ or tissue	▪ Not reported	Shi 2020
Pigs (infected with 105 PFU of CTan-H strain)	▪ No symptoms reported	▪ Viral RNA not detected in any nasal/rectal swabs or any organs	▪ Not reported	Shi 2020
Ducks (infected with 105 PFU of CTan-H strain)	▪ No symptoms reported	▪ Viral RNA not detected in any nasal/rectal swabs or any organs	▪ Not reported	Shi 2020
Chickens (infected with 105 PFU of CTan-H strain)	▪ No symptoms reported	▪ Viral RNA not detected in any nasal/rectal swabs or any organs	▪ Not reported	Shi 2020
Hamsters (infected with 105 PFU of patient isolate of SARS-CoV-2)	▪ Animals exhibit disease symptoms ▪ Virus transmitted from infected to close contact animals	▪ High viral load in nasal turbinate, trachea and lungs detected in culture ▪ Viral RNA detected in multiple extra-pulmonary tissues but viral N protein detected only in intestine ▪ Upregulation of cytokines and chemokines in lungs	▪ Mono-nuclear cell infiltration, focal cilia loss, epithelial cellular swelling observed in trachea ▪ Focal inflammation, pleural invaginations, fluid exudate, diffused alveolar destruction, hemorrhagic alveolar collapse observed in lungs ▪ Epithelial cell necrosis, damaged intestinal villi, increased mono-nuclear cellular infiltration observed in intestine ▪ Reduction in spleen size, mild focal myocardial degeneration of heart	Chan 2020