Figure 4.

Bioconjugate-based approaches for the induction of Ag-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases. The engineered bioconjugates target autoantigens and tolerogenic molecules to DCs (1); to facilitate antigen-processing via endocytic receptors (2); to hinder costimulation (3); to link to apoptotic cells for tolerogenic presentation (4); and to deliver toxin to autoantigen-specific T cells (5). These strategic approaches lead to peripheral tolerance as a consequence of anergy and deletion of cognate T cells, and/or induction of Tregs (with permission of [62]).