Table 2.

Common examples of impact damage cases on a commercial aircraft [5].

Impact Damage	Energy	Mass	Velocity	Hard/Soft Body Impact
Hail in flight	37 J	0.001 kg	37 m/s	Soft
Bird strike	59 kJ	3.63 kg	180 m/s	Soft
Engine debris	182 kJ	2.72 kg	366 m/s	Hard
Rim fragment	8.4 kJ	1.68 kg	100 m/s	Hard
Tire fragment	5.2 kJ	2.45 kg	64 m/s	Hard
Runway debris	>20 J	0.01 kg	>60 m/s	Hard
Tool drop	28 J	0.56 kg	10 m/s	Hard
Hail on ground	100 J	0.113 kg	42 m/s	Hard