Figure 1.

Percentages (mean ± SE) of dead insects dissected from puparia and emerged adults of (a) A. fraterculus and (b) A. ludens after irradiation of third instars at different nominal doses and atmospheric conditions and their controls. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) for the effect of dose, atmosphere (atm), and their interaction on each developmental stage (‘***’ p < 0.0001, ‘**‘ p = 0.001, ‘*’ p < 0.05, ns = non-significant). Bars followed by different letters within the same radiation dose are significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). Details in Table S7 (A. fraterculus) and Table S8 (A. ludens).