Table 1.
Genes/Transcription factors/Proteins associated with signalling pathway mediated drug resistance in cancer stem cells in colon carcinoma.
| Genes/Transcription Factors/Proteins | Functions | Signalling Pathways | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABCG2 | A Wnt/β-catenin pathway mediated regulation of ABCG2 by miR-199a/b contributes to cisplatin resistance in colon carcinoma | Wnt/β-catenin | [14] |
| LGR5 | Promotes Wnt signalling through the neutralisation of two transmembrane E3 ligases, RNF43 and ZNRF3. These enzymes remove Wnt receptors from the cell surface, thus negatively regulate Wnt signalling | Wnt/β-catenin | [29] |
| CD44, CD24, CD133, and EpCAM | Expression of these markers are important in Wnt mediated CSCs growth and therapy resistance in colon carcinoma | Wnt/β-catenin | [30,31,32,33] |
| APC | Restoration of mutated APC in colon carcinoma results in rapid and widespread tumour-cell differentiation and maintained inhibition without relapse of carcinoma | Wnt/β-catenin | [34] |
| β-catenin | Regulates the transcription of downstream target genes to increase stem cell characteristics and subsequently therapy resistance in colon carcinoma | Wnt/β-catenin | [34] |
| Wnts | Aberrant expression of Wnt proteins results in hyper activation of Wnt/β-catenin and consequently propagates stem cell characteristics | Wnt/β-catenin | [34] |
| Notch1 | Higher expression of Notch 1 increases CSCs phenotype and as a result positively regulates the number of colon cancer cells resistant to therapy | Notch | [17] |
| Hes 1 | Induction of Hes 1 protects cancer stem cells from differentiation | Notch | [17] |
| GLI-1 | Promotes Hh mediated stem cell characteristics of colon carcinoma cells and subsequently increases therapy resistance of colon carcinoma | Hedgehog | [39] |
| Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) | High expression of YAP target genes in the tumour was coupled increased therapy resistance of colon carcinoma and poor survival of patients | Hippo | [40] |
| YES1 | YES1 regulates drug resistance of colon carcinoma through regulation of YAP1 expression | Hippo | [41] |
| MACC1 | Promotes sphere formation, and increases the expression levels of pluripotent markers: CD44, CD133 and Nanog | PI3K/AKT | [45] |