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. 2020 Jun 23;9(6):1530. doi: 10.3390/cells9061530

Figure 7.

Figure 7

A proposed model for HvSAMS3 improvement of plant growth and development regulated by biotin and ethylene in wild barley XZ5. HvSAMS3 silencing of SAM cycle involving in ethylene, polyamines, and biotin biosynthesis process in Tibetan barley plants. Silencing of HvSAMS3 decreases ethylene, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, polyamine oxidase, and antioxidant enzyme activities, whereas these effects were alleviated by exogenous ethylene and biotin under combined stress. Thick arrows indicate up- and downregulated changes. Dashed arrows indicate multiple steps, the blunted arrow indicates the silence effect of HvSAMS3. Thick red arrows mark the effect of the BSMV:HvSAMS3, and thick green arrows mark relative changes by exogenous ethylene and biotin under combined drought and salinity stress. SAM: S-Adenosyl-L-methionine; SAMS: S-Adenosyl-L-methionine synthase; ACC: S-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate; ACS: S-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; ACO: S-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase; BSMT: benzoic acid/salicylic acid; DAO: Diaminoxidase; DAPA: 8-diamino pelargonic acid aminotransferase; GABA: Aminobutyric acid; NO: Nitric oxide; PAO: polyamine oxidase; PYRR-DH, pyrroline dehydrogenase; SAH: S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine; SAHH: S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase; SPDS: Spermidine synthase; SPMS: Spermine synthase.