Table 1.

Summary of MSS/MSA application for blood analysis.

Measured Parameters	Method	MSS/MSA	Naturally-Occurring Compound	Ref.
CA19-9 and CA125, H2O2	Amperometry	Cellulose acetate membrane to co-immobilize thionine as a mediator and two kinds of antigens on two carbon electrodes of a screen-printed chip.	CA19-9 and CA125 antigens	[34]
α-fetoprotein, CEA	ELISA	Poly(o-phenylenediamine)/Au nanocomposite and poly(vinyl ferrocene-2-aminothiophenol) (poly(vinyl ferrocene-ATP))/Au nanocomposite	Antibodies for α-fetoprotein, CEA	[87]
CEA, mucin-1	DPV	Au ion electrochemical aptamer labels and Ru(NH3)63+ electronic wires	DNA, aptamers	[88]
CEA, neuron-specific enolase	Amperometry	SPEs on paper modified with wither amino functional graphene-Thionin-AuNPs or Prussian blue-PEDOT-AuNPs nanocomposites	DNA, aptamers	[89]
MMP2, MMP7	EIS	Au/glass WE and PDMS microfluidic system	Peptides and amino acids for peptide synthesis	[93]
Dobutamine, amlodipine, paracetamol, ascorbic acid	SWV	Layered composite based on layer-by-layer modification of a glassy carbon electrode with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ionic liquid crystal, graphene and 18-Crown-6: GC/CNT/ILC/RGO/CW	-	[96]
Adenine, guanine	DPV	MnO2 nanosheets and ionic liquid functionalized graphene bound to a polydopamine membrane on glassy carbon: PDA/MnO2/IL-GR/GCE	MnO2	[98]
Glucose level, temperature, blood pressure	Galvanic skin response with photoplethysmogram signal measurement	Non-invasive galvanic sensor	Enzyme glucose oxidase	[103]
Heart work, glucose level, motion	Wearable wireless sensing	Electrocardiogram, three-axis accelerometer, continuous blood glucose monitor	Enzyme glucose oxidase	[107]
IL-β1, TNF-α cytokines	Steady-state current measurements	SPCE immunosensors modified with 4-carboxyphenyl-functionalized double-walled CNTs	Antibodies to IL-β1, TNF-α	[108]