Table 2.
Summary of MSS/MSA application for analysis of urine.
| Measured Targets | Method | MSA | Naturally Occurring Compounds | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarkers NUMA1, CFHR1 | ELISA | Two off-site matrices composed of 3D polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheets and 2D polycarbonate (PC) membranes modified with the required antibodies. | Antibodies to NUMA1, CFHR1 | [110] |
| Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42-, PO43-, urate, creatinine | Potentiometry | A set of ion-selective sensors | Enzyme ureate oxidase | [114] |
| Various cations and anions | Potentiometry; “fingerprint” detection | A set of ion-selective sensors | - | [115] |
| Na+, K+, NH4+, H+, urea | Potetciometry | An array of ISEs + biosensor | Enzyme ureate oxidase | [117] |
| Urea, creatinine | Potentiometry | Biosensor array | Enzyme ureate oxidase | [118] |
| Glucose, creatinine, uric acid | DPV | A disposable electrochemical paper-based multiplexed working electrode microfluidic device modified with ferrocenecarboxylic acid and glucose oxidase, non-complexed Fe3+, and carbon black NPs for glucose, creatinine, and uric acid, respectively. | Enzyme glucose oxidase | [122] |
| Morphine, benzoylecgonine, tetrahydrocannabinol | SWV | Immunosensor array | Bovine serum albumin, antibodies: anti-morphine monoclonal antibody, anti-tetrahydrocannabinol monoclonal antibody, anti-benzoylecgonine monoclonal antibody | [123] |