Product	Use	Examples	Regulatory Considerations
Ventilators	Mechanical ventilation in COVID-19	Emergency Ventilator Project (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)	Class II device, requires EUA
Vent splitters	Enable a single ventilator to be used on multiple COVID-19 patients	Prisma Health Vesper	Class II device, requires EUA
N95 respirators	Respiratory protection for front-line health care workers	Health Halyard Frame (University of Connecticut)	Class II device, requires EUA, testing in NIOSH lab
Mask frames	For use when N95 straps break/nose piece degrades		Class I device, FDA notification waived
Surgical/cloth masks	Respiratory protection for patients, staff, community	Many local projects nationally and worldwide	Class I device, FDA notification waived
Nasopharyngeal swabs	For use with COVID-19 diagnostic tests	3D printed swabs (formlabs, Somerville, MA)	Class I device, FDA notification waived
PAPRs	Respirator for use when fit testing fails or N95s are unavailable	3D printed PAPR (Duke University)	Class II device, NIOSH certification
Face shields	Cover face and skin from respiratory droplets, used with N95	Prusa face shield (Prusa, Czech Republic)	Class I device, FDA notification waived
PPE sanitizing techniques	Sterilizing/disinfecting N95s and other PPE to extend life		Class II device, requires EUA, testing in NIOSH lab
Surgical/procedure gowns	Covering PPE, especially during procedures like intubation		Splash testing required
Hand sanitizers	Topical antiseptic for use when soap is not available	WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations (now produced by many distilleries)	> 94.9% denatured ethanol and distilled water, verification of alcohol content
Scrubs	Garments for health care workers		NA

Note. EUA = emergency use authorizations; FDA = US Food and Drug Administration; NA = not applicable; NIOSH = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; PAPR = powered air purified respirator; PPE = personal protective equipment; WHO = World Health Organization.