Table 1.

Tumor- and immune-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate multilateral networks of cross-communication.

EV Origin	Target	Interaction	Key Molecules	Refs
TDEs	DCs	cross-presentation to naïve T cells and suppression	TAA	[23,24]
TDEs	CD8+ T cells	CD8+ T cell suppression	PD-1, PD-L1	[25]
TDEs	B cells	tumor evasion from antibody-mediated immune response	GPR78, annexin 2, cathepsin D, alpha-enolase, HSC70, PDI	[73]
TDEs	T cells, B cells	T cell activation and autoantibody production	MHC-II molecules (ACTB, GSTP1, HSPA8, KRT10, KRT20, KRT5, PCBP1, PKM/PKM2, TUBB, and UBA52 in PDAC)	[6]
TDEs	B cells	decoy function for CDC and ADCC	TAA	[6]
TDEs	NK cells, CTLs, CD4+ T cells, DCs, B cells	inhibition of NK cell, CTL, CD4+ T cell, and DC	HLA-G	[76,77,78,79,80,81]
TDEs	DC, B cell	MHC cross-dressing	MHC molecules, lactadherin, tetraspanins, externalized phosphatidylserine, C-type lectins, CD54	[21,82,83,84]
TDEs	CD20 targeting antibody	TDE binds to CD20-targeting antibody and inhibits the effect	CD20, ABCA3	[97]
TDEs	Trastuzumab	HER-2 positive EVs inhibit Trastuzumab	HER-2	[98]
TDEs	DCs	cancer vaccine (activate B cells)	LEX, TAA	[103]
B cell EVs	CD4+ T cells	antigen presenting	MHC-II	[30]
B cell EVs	CTLs	CTL activation	MHC-I, antigen	[55,56]
B cell EVs	CD8+ T cells	inhibition of CD8+ T cells and attenuation of chemotherapy efficacy	CD39, CD73, Adenosine	[62,63,64]
B cell EVs	CD4+ T cells	induction of apoptosis for CD4+ T cell	FasL	[65,66]
B cell EVs	macrophages	attenuate immune response outside the lymphoid tissue	α2,3-linked sialic acids, CD169	[54]
B cell EVs	follicular DCs	decorate with MHC-II carrying EVs	MHC-II, FcR, integrin α4β1	[67,68,69]
B cell EVs	T cells	stimulate T cell response	C3, BCR	[70,71]
CD4+ T cell EVs	B cells	differentiation of B cell	CD40	[36,37]
DC EVs	B cells	increase of germinal center B cell	CD54, CD86, MHC-I and II	[38,39,40]
DC EVs	T cells	cancer vaccine (activate B cell)	TAA (HPV antigen E749-57)	[104]
Mast cell EVs	B cells	CD19+IL-10+ B cell increase	CD40L	[42]
Mast cell EVs	B cells	B cell attenuation	PGD2, PGE2	[43,44,45,46]
MΦ EVs	DCs, T cells, B cells	migration of DCs, expansion and differentiation of T and B cells	NF-κB, IL-1β	[49,50,51]