Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies reporting the incidence or prevalence of anaemia and/or associations between anaemia and risk of mortality, hospitalisation, major adverse cardiac events, or CKD progression.
| Author | Year | Country | N | NDD (%) | DD (%) | T2DM (%) | ESA use (%) | Incidence or prevalence of anaemia? | Association between anaemia and: | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality | Hospitalisation | MACE | CKD progression | |||||||||
| Abramson et al. [10] | 2003 | USA | 13,716 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 10.6 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Ahmed et al. [11] | 2010 | USA | 79,985 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 1.20 | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Ahn et al. [12] | 2013 | Korea | 984 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 24.0 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Akizawa et al. [13] | 2008 | Japan | 5,788 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 28.6 | NR | Prevalence | Y | N | N | N |
| Akizawa et al. [14] | 2014 | Japan | 6631 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | 100.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Akizawa et al. [15] | 2016 | Japan | NR | 100.0 | 0.0 | 44.5 | 100.0 | NR | Y | N | Y | N |
| Anees et al. [16] | 2009 | Pakistan | 185 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Anees et al. [17] | 2010 | Pakistan | 50 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | 46.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Antunes et al. [18] | 2016 | Brazil | 211 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 29.0 | NR | NR | N | Y | N | N |
| Anutrakulchai et al. [19] | 2016 | Thailand | 1,28,338 | 83.1 | 16.9 | 43.0 | NR | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Arun et al. [20] | 2012 | India | 100 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Astor et al. [21] | 2006 | USA | 15,792 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 11.6 | 0.0 | Prevalence | Y | N | Y | N |
| Astor et al. [22] | 2002 | USA | 15,419 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Avram et al. [23] | 2003 | USA | 529 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 47.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Babua et al. [24] | 2015 | Uganda | 217 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 16.2 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | Y |
| Bae et al. [25] | 2015 | Korea | 2,470 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 44.5 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Barrett Bowling et al. [26] | 2011 | USA | 30,528 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 7.74 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Beck et al. [27] | 2015 | Germany | 5,015 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 35.2 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Bello et al. [28] | 2015 | USA | 4,854 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.5 | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Bentata et al. [29] | 2013 | Morocco | 72 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Bhatti et al. [30] | 2010 | USA | 1358 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 51.8 | NR | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Boudville et al. [31] | 2009 | Multi continent | 6,165 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 36.2 | 49.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Bradbury et al. [32] | 2009 | USA | 6,133 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | 100.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Bravo-Jaimes et al. [33] | 2015 | Peru | 103 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Brunelli et al. [34] | 2008 | USA | 34,963 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 45.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Brunelli et al. [35] | 2008 | USA | 6,644 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 24.8 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Buccianti et al. [36] | 2004 | Italy | 77 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 16.9 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Cana-Ruiu et al. [37] | 2013 | Romania | 165 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 30.3 | NR | NR | N | Y | N | N |
| Capelli et al. [38] | 2008 | USA | 687 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Chan et al. [39] | 2009 | USA | 1,00,835 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | N | Y | N | N |
| Chan et al. [40] | 2017 | USA | 87,302 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 29.0 | NR | NR | N | Y | N | N |
| Chang et al. [41] | 2016 | Taiwan | 1,530 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 38.5 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Chen et al. [42] | 2013 | China | 6,325 | NR | NR | 100.0 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Chen et al. [43] | 2013 | Taiwan | 439 | NR | NR | 57.4 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Chen et al. [44] | 2012 | Taiwan | 485 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 56.3 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Chen et al. [45] | 2016 | China | 356 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 14.6 | 100.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Chen et al. [46] | 2012 | China | 822 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 20.2 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Chonchol et al. [47] | 2008 | Italy | 7,389 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Christensen et al. [48] | 2002 | USA | 174 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Conway et al. [49] | 2008 | USA | 174 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | Y | Y |
| De Nicola et al. [50] | 2011 | Italy | 1,248 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 28.0 | 12.4 | Prevalence | Y | N | N | Y |
| De Nicola et al. [51] | 2012 | Italy | 1,248 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 27.7 | 12.4 | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| De Nicola et al. [52] | 2010 | Italy | 668 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 22.6 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| De Nicola et al. [53] | 2017 | Italy | 2,340 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 30.6 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Desai et al. [54] | 2011 | USA | 995 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Djukanović et al. [55] | 2015 | Serbia | 2,153 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | 65.1 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Dmitrieva et al. [56] | 2013 | UK | 51,372 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Drawz et al. [57] | 2012 | USA | 13,874 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 38.8 | 1.8 | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Du Cheyron et al. [58] | 2005 | France | 206 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 45.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Faller et al. [59] | 2013 | France | 155 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Fathelrahman et al. [60] | 2012 | Sudan | 500 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Feldman et al. [61] | 2004 | USA | 27,280 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 44.7 | 93.3 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Feldman et al. [62] | 2002 | USA | 10,169 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 40.9 | 87.4 | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Ferrari et al. [63] | 2009 | Australia | 8,752 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Fort et al. [64] | 2010 | Spain | 2,310 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | 78.7 | NR | Y | Y | Y | N |
| Frankenfield et al. [65] | 2003 | USA | 7,723 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 40.5 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Fraser et al. [66] | 2014 | UK | 1,707 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 87.6 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Fukuma et al. [67] | 2012 | Japan | 95,460 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 32.5 | 100.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Garlo et al. [68] | 2015 | USA | 1,141 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 62.8 | NR | NR | N | Y | N | N |
| Go et al. [69] | 2018 | USA | 36,195 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 36.0 | 0.7 | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Goicoechea et al. [70] | 2004 | Spain | 176 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 33.0 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Guan et al. [71] | 2015 | China | 102 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Han et al. [72] | 2016 | Korea | 17,373 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 9.4 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Hanafusa et al. [73] | 2014 | Japan | 3,341 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 39.4 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Hasegawa et al. [74] | 2018 | Japan | 2,034 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 38.6 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Hayashi et al. [75] | 2013 | Japan | 404 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 41.8 | 58.7 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| He et al. [76] | 2017 | USA | 3,557 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 46.3 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | Y | N |
| Herzog et al. [77] | 2004 | USA | 1,136,201 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 16.5 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Hosseini et al. [78] | 2014 | Iran | 305 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Hung et al. [79] | 2015 | Taiwan | 326 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 45.4 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | Y |
| Iimori et al. [80] | 2015 | Japan | 951 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 37.6 | 11.8 | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Imamović et al. [81] | 2014 | Bosnia-Serbia-Slovenia | 442 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 32.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Inker et al. [82] | 2011 | USA | 30,528 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 6.50 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Inrig et al. [83] | 2012 | USA | 1,432 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 31.2 | 100.0 | NR | N | N | Y | Y |
| Isakov et al. [84] | 2014 | Israel | 18,474 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | Y |
| Ishigami et al. [85] | 2013 | Japan | 349 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 37.5 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Ishigami et al. [86] | 2018 | USA | 5,801 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 15.5 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | Y | N |
| Ito et al. [87] | 2007 | Japan | 127 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 16.0 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Johnson et al. [88] | 2007 | USA | 6,541 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 31.3 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Johnson et al. [89] | 2008 | USA | 7,982 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 28.0 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Joshi et al. [90] | 2014 | China | 805 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Joss et al. [91] | 2007 | UK | 508 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Prevalence | Y | N | N | N |
| Jung et al. [92] | 2015 | Korea | NR | 0.0 | 100.0 | 37.3 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Kataoka et al. [93] | 2015 | Japan | 72 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 55.6 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Keane et al. [94] | 2003 | Multi continent | 1,513 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Keane et al. [95] | 2006 | Multi continent | 1,513 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Keough-Ryan et al. [96] | 2005 | Canada | 5,549 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 26.2 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Khan et al. [97] | 2017 | Malaysia | 621 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 40.1 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Kovesdy et al. [98] | 2006 | USA | 861 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 53.1 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Kovesdy et al. [99] | 2006 | USA | 853 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 52.8 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Kovesdy et al. [100] | 2006 | USA | 860 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 52.8 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Kuo et al. [101] | 2018 | Taiwan | 1,558 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Kuo et al. [102] | 2018 | Taiwan | 42,230 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 45.4 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Kuwahara et al. [103] | 2015 | Japan | 297 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | 100.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Kwon et al. [104] | 2015 | Korea | 1,276 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 52.4 | 71.8 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Lacson et al. [105] | 2009 | USA | 78,420 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 51.9 | NR | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Lattanzio et al. [106] | 2015 | Italy | 487 | NR | NR | 25.5 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Lau et al. [107] | 2015 | Singapore | 457 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 64.6 | 0.0 | Incidence | N | N | N | N |
| Levin et al. [108] | 2008 | Canada | 4,231 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 33.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Levin et al. [109] | 2006 | Canada | 3,028 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 28.0 | NR | Prevalence | Y | N | N | N |
| Li Vecchi et al. [110] | 2007 | Italy | 281 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 64.4 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Lin et al. [111] | 2004 | Taiwan | 105 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Lin et al. [112] | 2006 | Taiwan | 445 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 44.5 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Lin et al. [113] | 2013 | Taiwan | NR | 0.0 | NR | 51.9 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Liu et al. [114] | 2016 | China | 1,778 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 25.3 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Locatelli et al. [115] | 2004 | Europe | 4,591 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| MacDougall et al. [116] | 2010 | UK | 13,422 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| McClellan et al. [117] | 2004 | USA | 5,222 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 64.4 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| McCullough et al. [118] | 2007 | USA | 37,153 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 26.2 | NR | NR | Y | N | Y | N |
| McMahon et al. [119] | 2012 | Australia | 302 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | 88.4 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Messa et al. [120] | 2015 | Italy | 568 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 28.9 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Metcalfe et al. [121] | 2003 | UK | 523 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 23.7 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Minutolo et al. [122] | 2009 | Italy | 137 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 32.9 | 100.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Minutolo et al. [123] | 2012 | Italy | 194 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 34.0 | 100.0 | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Minutolo et al. [124] | 2014 | Italy | 30,326 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 24.5 | NR | Prevalence | Y | N | N | Y |
| Mohanram et al. [125] | 2004 | USA | 1,468 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Mokoli et al. [126] | 2016 | Kenya | 250 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | 51.6 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Molnar et al. [127] | 2011 | USA | 9,269 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 46.0 | 88.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Moon et al. [128] | 2011 | Korea | 250 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 16.0 | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Nakazato et al. [129] | 2015 | Japan | 384 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 27.1 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Neves et al. [130] | 2007 | Portugal | 95 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Nishio et al. [131] | 2013 | USA | 606 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 56.3 | 100.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Nseir et al. [132] | 2016 | Israel | 307 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Ofsthun et al. [133] | 2003 | USA | 44,550 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 47.9 | NR | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Ohno et al. [134] | 2014 | Japan | 2,772 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Okazaki et al. [135] | 2014 | Japan | 248 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 48.8 | 100.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Ossareh et al. [136] | 2016 | Iran | 560 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Panagoutsos et al. [137] | 2006 | Greece | 299 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 77.9 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Portolés et al. [138] | 2007 | Spain | 122 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | Prevalence | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Pulliam et al. [139] | 2014 | USA | 1,677 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 42.9 | NR | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Rajaeefard et al. [140] | 2016 | Iran | 290 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 32.4 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Regidor et al. [141] | 2006 | USA | 58,058 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 44.7 | 93.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Roberts et al. [142] | 2006 | USA | 93,087 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 49.1 | 100.0 | Incidence | Y | Y | N | N |
| Robinson et al. [143] | 2005 | USA | 5,517 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 40.4 | 91.7 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Rossing et al. [144] | 2004 | Denmark | 227 | NR | NR | 100.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Sabe et al. [145] | 2016 | USA | 4,038 | NR | NR | 100.0 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Santos et al. [146] | 2017 | Portugal | 416 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Santos et al. [147] | 2011 | Brazil | 156 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Sato et al. [148] | 2018 | Japan | 62,931 | NR | NR | 8.8 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Sato et al. [149] | 2013 | Japan | 213 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Sawhney et al. [150] | 2009 | UK and Canada | 7,299 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 23.4 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Schroeder et al. [151] | 2017 | USA | 22,460 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 34.3 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Selim et al. [152] | 2007 | Macedonia | 214 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Selim et al. [153] | 2007 | Macedonia | 236 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Servilla et al. [154] | 2009 | USA | 12,733 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 47.2 | 97.7 | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Shema-Didi et al. [155] | 2010 | Israel | 25,800 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Shimizu et al. [156] | 2014 | Japan | 1,105 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Shiraishi et al. [157] | 2014 | Japan | 521 | NR | NR | 35.5 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Singh et al. [158] | 2006 | USA | 1,432 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 100.0 | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Skali et al. [159] | 2011 | USA | 4,038 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 49.8 | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Song et al. [160] | 2017 | China | 4,104 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Spigolon et al. [161] | 2016 | Brazil | 4,107 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 45.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Stevens et al. [162] | 2011 | USA | 116,321 | NR | NR | 29.5 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Stevens et al. [163] | 2007 | UK | 38,262 | NR | NR | 21.2 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Stevens et al. [164] | 2010 | Europe | 1,198 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | Prevalence | N | N | N | N |
| Stosovic et al. [165] | 2011 | Serbia | 242 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Streja et al. [166] | 2008 | USA | 40,787 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Sturm et al. [167] | 2010 | Austria | 235 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 34.9 | 0.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Szeto et al. [168] | 2011 | China | 332 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 29.5 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Teixeira et al. [169] | 2015 | Brazil | 162 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Thijssen et al. [170] | 2012 | USA | 6,838 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 54.2 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Thorp et al. [171] | 2009 | USA | 5,885 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 52.3 | 0.0 | NR | Y | Y | N | Y |
| Toida et al. [172] | 2017 | Japan | 1,375 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 32.4 | 0.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Tripepi et al. [173] | 2010 | Italy | 283 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 15.0 | 52.7 | NR | Y | N | Y | N |
| Tsubakihara et al. [174] | 2015 | Japan | 321 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 35.3 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Tsubakihara et al. [175] | 2012 | Japan | 322 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Ueda et al. [176] | 2003 | Japan | 202 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | N | N | N | Y |
| Vaiciuniene et al. [177] | 2010 | Lithuania | 559 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | N | Y | N | N |
| Van Diepen et al. [178] | 2014 | Netherlands | 394 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Varas et al. [179] | 2018 | Spain | 1,679 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Vazquez et al. [180] | 2009 | Spain | 256 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 28.5 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Vejakama et al. [181] | 2013 | Thailand | 1,177 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 21.2 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Voormolen et al. [182] | 2010 | Netherlands | 547 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 23.6 | 25.1 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Wagner et al. [183] | 2011 | Germany | 215 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Wagner et al. [184] | 2011 | UK | 5,447 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 28.6 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Walker et al. [185] | 2006 | USA | 88,657 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 19.6 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | Y |
| Weiner et al. [186] | 2008 | USA | 1,678 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 15.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | Y | N |
| Weiner et al. [187] | 2005 | USA | 2,333 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 17.1 | NR | NR | Y | N | Y | N |
| Weinhandl et al. [188] | 2011 | USA | 133,246 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Wu et al. [189] | 2013 | Taiwan | 1,157 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.48 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | Y |
| Xu et al. [190] | 2012 | China | 313 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 39.9 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Yamamoto et al. [191] | 2016 | Japan | 2,602 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 27.9 | 6.8 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Yang et al. [192] | 2007 | China | 7,067 | NR | NR | 100.0 | NR | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Yang et al. [193] | 2007 | USA | 34,963 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 45.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Yang et al. [194] | 2013 | China | 809 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 23.4 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Yeates et al. [195] | 2007 | Canada | 26,316 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Yotsueda et al. [196] | 2018 | Japan | 3,436 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 28.9 | 100.0 | NR | N | N | Y | N |
| Zhang et al. [197] | 2015 | China | 421 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 28.7 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Ziginskiene et al. [198] | 2013 | Lithuania | 559 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | NR | Y | Y | N | N |
| Zitt et al. [199] | 2014 | Austria | 235 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 34.9 | 77.9 | NR | Y | N | N | N |
| Zoppini et al. [200] | 2010 | Italy | 1,153 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | NR | NR | Y | N | N | N |
CKD: chronic kidney disease; DD: dialysis dependent; ESA: erythropoietin-stimulating agent; MACE: major adverse cardiac events; N; no; NDD: nondialysis dependent; NR: not reported; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; Y: yes.