Figure 13.

(a) Schematic showing distribution of electric field facilitating single-cell electroporation (SCEP); the induced transmembrane potential is found to be highest at the cell pole and decreases towards the equator. (b) Microfluidic SCEP with cell trapping. Reprinted with permission from [154]. (c) Localized SCEP with electric field (b) membrane area dependent density of pore formation and distribution due to non-uniform electric field application (c) nano-localized single-cell nano-electroporation. Reprinted with permission from [156].