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. 2020 Jun 26;21(12):4552. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124552

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of maternal adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and tryptophan supplementation (Trp) on the gut microbiota in offspring at 12 weeks of age. (A) Variation in fecal bacterial α-diversity represented by the Shannon’s diversity indexes. (B) β-diversity changes in gut microbiota across groups by the Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). (C) Relative abundance of top 10 phyla of the gut microbiota among the four groups. (D) Relative abundances of the phylum Firmicutes. (E) Relative abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes. (F) The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001.