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Proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from chickens (n = 3) were treated with 10 μg/mL of FliC, nFliC-tplpE, tplpE or PBS, and relative mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were determined. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Different superscript letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatment groups for each cytokine gene.
