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. 2020 Jun 5;8(2):281. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8020281

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Influenza vaccination affects the frequency of NKG2C-expressing natural killer (NK) cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from vaccinated individuals prior to vaccination and at the indicated time points post-vaccination (dpv = days post-vaccination) were stained for the surface markers CD56, CD3, CD16, NKG2C and CD57. (a) Frequencies of total CD3⁻CD56⁺ NK cells and (b) of CD3⁻CD56b^right, CD3⁻CD56^dim and CD3⁻CD56^dimCD16⁺ NK cell subpopulations. Diagrams show the connected column mean with 95% confidence interval. (c) Frequencies of NK cell populations characterized by the expression of CD57 and NKG2C. Columns represent individual data points. (d) CD57- and NKG2C-expressing CD56^dimCD16⁺ subpopulations depicted as the ratio of cell frequencies detected at the indicated time points post-vaccination and the frequencies detected prior vaccination (day 0). Diagrams are depicted as scatter plots with bars of individual assigned data points. (e) CD56^dimCD16⁺NKG2C⁺ and CD56^dimCD16⁺CD57⁺ NK cells displayed as frequencies and as the ratio to the day before vaccination. Columns represent individual data points; diagrams are depicted as scatter plots with bars of individual assigned data points. Arrows indicate donors with vaccine-induced immunological changes. Asterisks denote significant values as calculated by unpaired and non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test. * p ≤ 0.05. Letters in panels (d, e) indicate single responders.

Influenza vaccination affects the frequency of NKG2C-expressing natural killer (NK) cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from vaccinated individuals prior to vaccination and at the indicated time points post-vaccination (dpv = days post-vaccination) were stained for the surface markers CD56, CD3, CD16, NKG2C and CD57. (a) Frequencies of total CD3⁻CD56⁺ NK cells and (b) of CD3⁻CD56b^right, CD3⁻CD56^dim and CD3⁻CD56^dimCD16⁺ NK cell subpopulations. Diagrams show the connected column mean with 95% confidence interval. (c) Frequencies of NK cell populations characterized by the expression of CD57 and NKG2C. Columns represent individual data points. (d) CD57- and NKG2C-expressing CD56^dimCD16⁺ subpopulations depicted as the ratio of cell frequencies detected at the indicated time points post-vaccination and the frequencies detected prior vaccination (day 0). Diagrams are depicted as scatter plots with bars of individual assigned data points. (e) CD56^dimCD16⁺NKG2C⁺ and CD56^dimCD16⁺CD57⁺ NK cells displayed as frequencies and as the ratio to the day before vaccination. Columns represent individual data points; diagrams are depicted as scatter plots with bars of individual assigned data points. Arrows indicate donors with vaccine-induced immunological changes. Asterisks denote significant values as calculated by unpaired and non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test. * p ≤ 0.05. Letters in panels (d, e) indicate single responders.