Figure 4.

Pictorial depiction of radiofrequency-induced release of neoantigens and DAMPs from HCC nodules whereupon activation of CD4+ and intratumoural infiltration CD8+ T-cells. The activity of these cells gets further augmented with the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors. CD: cluster of differentiation; CpI: checkpoint inhibitors; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; PD-1: programmed cell death-1; PD-L1: programmed cell death-ligand1; RF: radiofrequency.