Table 1.
Summary of recent recombinant vector vaccine candidates for Eastern, Venezuelan, and Western equine encephalitis viruses.
| Target | Vaccine | Genes | Animal Model | Doses, Route | Induced Immune Responses | Challenge Route | % Survival Post-Challenge | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CI 1 | HI 2 | Homologous | Heterologous | |||||||
| Adenovirus | ||||||||||
| VEEV | RAd/VEEV#3 | E3-E2-6K | BALB/c mice | 3, IN 3 | NT 4 | Yes | Aerosol | 90 | 50–100 | [67] |
| 2, IN | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 10 | NT | [68] | ||||
| 3, IN | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 20 | NT | [69] | ||||
| RAd/VEEV#3 +CpG | E3-E2-6K | BALB/c mice | 2, IN | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 40 | NT | [68] | |
| RAd/VEEV#3 -CO | E3-E2-6K | BALB/c mice | 3, IN | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 90 | NT | [69] | |
| WEEV | Ad5-WEEV | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 2, IM 5 | NT | Yes | IN | 100 | NT | [70] |
| 1, IM | NT | Yes | IN | 100 | 88–100 | [71] | ||||
| Ad5-E1 | 6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 1, IM | Yes | No | IN | 100 | 0–100 | [72] | |
| Eilat Virus | ||||||||||
| EEEV | EILV/EEEV | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | CD-1 mice | 1, SC 6 | NT | Yes | IP 7 | 100 | NT | [73] |
| VEEV | EILV/VEEV | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | CD-1 mice | 1, SC | NT | Yes | SC | NT | 100 | |
| EEEV, VEEV | EILV/EEEV, EILV/VEEV, EILV/CHIKV | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 and C-E2-E1 | CD-1 mice | 1, SC | NT | Yes | IP or SC | 80 | 90 | |
| Equine Herpes Virus | ||||||||||
| VEEV | rH_VEEV | E3-E2-6K-E1 | NIH Swiss mice | 2, SC | NT | Yes | SC | NT | 0–100 | [74] |
| Isfahan Virus | ||||||||||
| EEEV, VEEV | rISFV-VEEV/rISFV-EEEV | E3-E2-6K-E1 | CD-1 mice | 1, IM | NT | Yes | IP or SC | 100 | NT | [75] |
| Sindbis Virus | ||||||||||
| EEEV | SIN/NAEEEV | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | NIH Swiss mice | 1, SC | NT | Yes | IP | 80–100 | NT | [76] |
| Cynomolgus macaques | 1, SC | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 82 | NT | [77] | |||
| VEEV | SIN-83 | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | NIH Swiss mice | 1, SC | NT | Yes | SC | NT | 100 | [78] |
| 1, SC | Yes | Yes | IC 8 IN or SC | NT | 80–100 | [79] | ||||
| SAAR/TRD | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | NIH Swiss mice | 1, SC | Yes | Yes | IC, IN or SC | NT | 100 | ||
| Golden hamster | 1, SC | NT | NT | SC | NT | 100 | ||||
| SIN/TRD | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | NIH Swiss mice | 1, SC | Yes | Yes | IC, IN or SC | NT | 100 | ||
| Golden hamster | 1, SC | NT | NT | SC | NT | 100 | ||||
| SIN/ZPC | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | NIH Swiss mice | 1, SC | Yes | Yes | IC, IN or SC | 100 | NT | ||
| Golden hamster | 1, SC | NT | NT | SC | 100 | NT | ||||
| WEEV | SIN/CO92 | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | NIH Swiss mice | 1, SC | NT | Yes | IN | NT | 40–100 | [80] |
| SIN/SIN/McM or SIN/EEE/McM | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | NIH Swiss mice | 1, SC | NT | Yes | IN | 100 | NT | ||
| Vaccinia Virus | ||||||||||
| EEEV | MVA-BN-E | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 2, SC | NT | Yes | IN | NT | 100 | [81] |
| VEEV | MVA-BN-V | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 2, SC | NT | Yes | IN | 100 | NT | |
| WEEV | MVA-BN-W | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 2, SC | NT | Yes | IN | NT | 100 | |
| EEEV, VEEV, WEEV | MVA-BN-W +E+V | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 2, SC | NT | Yes | IN | 90–100 | 60–100 | |
| Vesicular Stomatitis Virus | ||||||||||
| VEEV | rVSIV-VEEV | E3-E2-6K-E1 | CD-1 mice | 1, IM | NT | Yes | SC | 100 | NT | [75] |
1 CI, cellular immunity; 2 HI, humoral immunity; 3 IN, intranasal; 4 NT, not tested; 5 IM, intramuscular; 6 SC, subcutaneous; 7 IP, intraperitoneal; and 8 IC, intracerebral.