Table 2.
Summary of recent plasmid DNA vaccine candidates for Eastern, Venezuelan, and Western equine encephalitis viruses.
| Target | Vaccine | Genes | Animal Model | Immunization Doses, Route | Induced Immune Responses | Challenge Route | % Survival Postchallenge | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CI 1 | HI 2 | Homologous | Heterologous | |||||||
| EEEV | pcDNA 3.1(+)-C-E | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 3×, IM 3 | Yes | Yes | NT 4 | NT | NT | [104] |
| VEEV | 26S | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 3×, gene gun | NT | Yes | Aerosol or SC 5 | 80–100 | NT | [105] |
| DNA-Ad | E3-E2-6K | BALB/c mice | 3×, gene gun and 1×, IN 6 | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 83 | NT | [106] | |
| AG2-5A7 | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 3×, ID 7 | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 80 | NT | [107] | |
| AG2-5A10 | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 3×, ID | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 70 | NT | ||
| AG4-1C7 | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 3×, ID | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 90 | NT | ||
| AG4-1G2 | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 3×, ID | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 100 | NT | ||
| VEEV DNA | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | Cynomolgus macaques | 3×, gene gun | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 100 | NT | [108] | |
| VEEVCO | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 2×, IM-EP 8 | Yes | Yes | Aerosol | 100 | NT | [109] | |
| 2×, IM | Yes | Yes | Aerosol | 50–100 | NT | [110] | ||||
| Cynomolgus macaque | 2×, IM-EP | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 100 | NT | [109] | |||
| Human | 3×, IM-EP | NT | Yes | NT | NT | NT | [111] | |||
| VEEVCOCAP | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 2×, IM-EP | NT | Yes | Aerosol | 90 | NT | [109] | |
| pTC83 iDNA | Full-length cDNA | BALB/c mice | 1×, IM-EP | NT | Yes | SC | NT | 100 | [112] | |
| Multi-epitope DNA | Partial sequences of C-E2-E1 | BALB/c mice | 3×, IM-EP | Yes | Yes | NT | NT | NT | [113] | |
| HLA-DR3 mice | 2×, IM-EP | Yes | Yes | Aerosol | 20 | NT | ||||
| WEEV | pVXH-6 | C-E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 4×, gene gun | Yes | No | IN | 100 | 50–62 | [114] |
| 3×, gene gun | NT | NT | IN | 100 | 50–63 | [115] | ||||
| pE3-E2-6K-E1 | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 3×, gene gun | NT | NT | IN | 100 | 88–100 | [115] | |
| pE3-E2 | E3-E2 | BALB/c mice | 3×, gene gun | NT | NT | IN | 0 | 0 | ||
| p6K-E1 | 6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 3×, gene gun | NT | NT | IN | 100 | 0–75 | ||
| EEEV, VEEV, WEEV | 3-EEV | E3-E2-6K-E1 | BALB/c mice | 2×-3×, IM-EP | Yes | Yes | Aerosol | 100 | NT | [116] |
1 CI, cellular immunity; 2 HI, humoral immunity; 3 IM, intramuscular; 4 NT, not tested; 5 SC, subcutaneous; 6 IN, intranasal; 7 ID, intradermal; and 8 EP, electroporation.