Table 2.

Compounds preventing DNA damage due to epigenetic regulation, telomere maintenance, and nuclear architecture modulation.

Compounds	Mechanisms	References
Trace elements
Selenium	Telomere length maintenance. Regulation of the telomerase activity in malignant and normal telomerase-positive cell types.	[676,677,678]
Zinc	The decrease in telomere damage. Increase in the telomere length, hTERT gene expression, and telomerase activity.	[150,679]
Iron	Increase in the telomerase activity.	[680]
Magnesium	Telomere length and telomerase activity maintenance.	[681,682,683]
Vitamins and their derivatives
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (a niacin derivative)	Telomere length maintenance.	[684]
Vitamin B9	Telomere length maintenance. Prevention of the formation of guanine-quadruplexes in normal cells and B-lymphocytes from Werner patients.	[672,674,685,686,687]
Vitamin B12	Telomere length maintenance.	[672,685]
Vitamin C	Telomere length maintenance.	[180,686,688,689]
Vitamin D3	Prevention of the telomere shortening and induction of the telomerase activity.	[188,690]
Vitamin E	Prevention of the telomere shortening and induction of the telomerase activity.	[676,691,692]
Coenzymes
Coenzyme Q10	Prevention of the telomere length shortening due to the decrease in oxidative stress.	[210,693]
Glutathione	Prevention of the telomere shortening and induction of the TERT activity.	[694]
Amino Acids
Carnosine	Reduction of the telomere shortening rate and damages in telomeric DNA.	[695]
L-Carnitine	Telomere length increases. Promotion of the telomerase activity and the hTERT promoter methylation.	[696,697]
N-Acetylcysteine	Increasing the expression of telomerase. Reduction of the oxidative stress-induced telomere shortening, telomere fusion, and chromosomal instability.	[698,699,700,701,702]
Polyphenols
Epigallocatechin gallate	Prevention of the telomere attrition and TRF2 loss.	[703,704]
Luteolin	Stabilization of the guanine-quadruplex DNA. Increase in the expression level of TERT.	[705,706]
Curcumin	Prevention of the telomere attrition, stabilization of the Guanine-quadruplex DNA. Increase in the TERT expression.	[707,708,709,710,711]
Quercetin	Stabilization of the guanine-quadruplex DNA. Prevention of the telomere attrition and TRF2 loss. Regulation of the TERT activity.	[704,706,712]
Rutin	Stabilization of the guanine-quadruplex DNA.	[706]
Fisetin	Regulation of the guanine-quadruplex DNA.	[713]
Silymarin and flavonolignans (Silybin)	Influence on the telomerase activity.	[714]
Genistein	Stabilization of the guanine-quadruplex DNA.	[706]
Daidzein	Stabilization of the guanine-quadruplex DNA.	[715]
Grape seed procyanidin and proanthocyanidins	Telomere length maintenance.	[716]
Delphinidin	Increase in the expression level of TERT.	[705]
Resveratrol	Telomere length and telomerase activity increase.	[717,718]
Rosmarinic acid	Telomere DNA methylation maintenance.	[719]
Ellagic acid	Stabilization of the guanine-quadruplex DNA.	[707]
Terpenes and terpenoids
Oleanolic acid	Telomerase activation.	[720]
Ginsenosides	Increase in the telomere length and telomerase activity.	[721,722,723]
Astragaloside IV	Telomerase activator.	[724]
Cycloastragenol	Telomerase activator.	[724,725,726]
Zeaxanthin	Telomere length maintenance.	[688]
Lutein	Telomere length maintenance.	[688]
Organic acids
α-Lipoic acid	Upregulation of PGC-1α-dependent TERT level.	[553,727]
Hormones
Melatonin	Telomere maintaining and rejuvenation. Telomerase activity stimulation.	[728,729,730]
17β-Estradiol	Telomere length increases.	[731]
Synthetic compounds
TA-65	Telomerase activation, elongation of short telomeres.	[732,733]
RG108	DNMT inhibitor that blocks methylation at the TERT promoter and increases its expression.	[734]
Farnesyltransferase inhibitor	Tethering telomeres to the nucleoskeleton.	[735]
Metformin	Increase in the TERT expression.	[736]
Rapamycin	Maintenance of the telomere length and the shelterin complex. Increase in TIN2 and TERT expression. But inhibition of mTOR decreases lifespan in mice with TERC deficiency.	[737,738,739,740]
Aspirin	Improvement of the TERT activity.	[741]