Table 1.
Demographics and clinical outcome changes for within-group analyses.
| Group | Study 1: VGAIT | Study 2: Real | Study 2: Sham |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| N | 18 | 24 | 26 |
| Gender | 12 females | 16 females | 15 females |
| Age (years) | 40.78 ± 3.05 | 39.00 ± 2.56 | 40.04 ± 2.69 |
| Clinical outcome changes (pre–post) in within-group analyses | |||
| N | 18 | 24 | 26 |
| LBP bothersomeness | 2.94 ± 0.42∗∗ | 2.79 ± 0.41∗∗ | 1.72 ± 0.45∗∗ |
| N | 18 | 24 | 24 |
| PROMIS-pain interference | 5.48 ± 3.07 | 5.00 ± 1.31∗∗ | 4.53 ± 1.90∗ |
| PROMIS-depression | 2.34 ± 3.55 | 1.33 ± 1.37 | −2.17 ± 1.47 |
| PROMIS-sleep disturbance | 4.04 ± 2.35 | 1.48 ± 1.43 | 0.22 ± 1.04 |
| PROMIS-fatigue | 3.27 ± 3.76 | 0.80 ± 1.31 | −0.50 ± 1.86 |
| PROMIS-anxiety | 5.02 ± 3.16 | 1.13 ± 1.57 | −1.14 ± 1.17 |
| PROMIS-pain intensity | 1.94 ± 0.31∗∗ | 2.08 ± 0.44∗∗ | 1.71 ± 0.47∗∗ |
| PROMIS- physical function | −3.45 ± 2.76 | −3.21 ± 1.17∗ | −1.93 ± 1.22 |
| PROMIS-social function | −2.64 ± 3.66 | −3.55 ± 1.31∗ | −3.40 ± 1.42∗ |
Results presented are mean ± SE. Changes reflect pre- minus post-treatment scores. “∗” and “∗∗” identify p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively, for pre- vs. posttreatment within-group comparisons. VGAIT: video-guided acupuncture imagery treatment; Real: real acupuncture; Sham: sham acupuncture.