Figure 1.

Experimental design. The study design included the cloning and analysis of subolesin (SUB)-coding genes in Ugandan strains of R. appendiculatus, R. decoloratus and A. variegatum, followed by production of recombinant proteins and vaccine formulations with single and all combined antigens. Vaccination trials were conducted in the most common cattle breeds (Bos indicus and B. indicus × B. taurus crossbred) in Uganda using 4 calves/group and infested with R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum larvae, nymphs and adults and R. decoloratus larvae in crossbred cattle only. The effect of vaccination on cattle antibody response and on different tick developmental stages (number of engorged larvae (DL), nymphs (DN) and adult female ticks (DA), molting of tick larvae (DMn) and nymphs (DMa), oviposition (DO) and fertility (DF) was used to evaluate vaccine E.