Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author, Year, Reference | Country | Study Design | Study Setting | % Ascertained | Vaccine Assessed | Time Points Assessed (days) | Total No. of Infants Assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies using vaccination cards only | |||||||
| Coetzee, 1993 [20] | South Africa | Cross-sectional | Population | 88.0% | BCG | 28 | 421 |
| Roth, 2004 [21] | Guinea Bissau | Retrospective cohort | Hospital | 84.2% | BCG | 7 | 7138 |
| Jahn, 2008 [22] | Malawi | Cross-sectional | Population | 78.0% | BCG | 7 | 2751 |
| Moisi, 2010 [23] | Kenya | Cross-sectional | Population | 86.2% | BCG, OPV0 | 14/28 | 1870 |
| Fadnes, 2011 [24] | Uganda | Prospective cohort | Hospital | 98.0% | OPV0 | 28 | 732 |
| Adebayo, 2012 [25] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | Population | N/R | BCG, OPV0, HepB-BD | 7 | 440 |
| Babirye, 2012 [26] | Uganda | Cross-sectional | Population | 91.2% | OPV0 | 28 | 821 |
| Schoeps, 2013 [27] | Burkina Faso | Cross-sectional | Population | N/R | BCG, OPV0 | 28 | 1665 |
| Waroux, 2013 [28] | Tanzania | Cross-sectional | Population | 59.0% | BCG | 7 | 1205 |
| Calhoun, 2014 [29] | Kenya | Retrospective cohort | Population | 55.3% | BCG, OPV0 | 7/28 | 135 |
| Gram, 2014 [30] | Ghana | Prospective cohort | Population | N/R | BCG, OPV0 | 7/14/28 | 20,594 |
| Laryea, 2014 [31] | Ghana | Cross-sectional | Hospital | N/R | BCG, OPV0 | 14/28 | 259 |
| Sadoh, 2014 [32] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | Hospital | 27.3% | BCG, OPV0, HepB-BD | 7/14/28 | 41 |
| Thysen, 2014 [33] | Guinea Bissau | Cross-sectional | Population | 85.0% | BCG | 7/28 | 3020 |
| Wagner, 2014 [19] | Sub-Saharan Africa * | Cross-sectional | Population | N/R | BCG | 28 | 102,629 |
| Odutola, 2015 [34] | The Gambia | Cross-sectional | Hospital | N/R | BCG | 14 | 1154 |
| Lutwama 2014 [35] | Uganda | Cross-sectional | Hospital | N/R | BCG | 0–1 | 92 |
| Gibson, 2015 [36] | Kenya | Cross-sectional | Population | 63.9% | BCG | 28 | 1681 |
| Miyahara, 2016 [37] | The Gambia | Cross-sectional | Population | 99.8% | HepB-BD | 0–1/7/28 | 10,851 |
| O’Leary, 2017 [38] | Ghana | Prospective cohort | Population | 96.5% | BCG | 28 | 22,217 |
| Gibson, 2017 [39] | Kenya | Prospective cohort | Population | N/R | BCG | 14 | 360 |
| Schweitzer, 2017 [40] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | Population | N/R | HepB-BD | 0–1 | 14,623 |
| Zivich, 2017 [41] | Congo | Prospective cohort | Hospital | 93.5% | BCG, OPV0 | 7 | 975 |
| Studies using clinical records only | |||||||
| Schoub, 1991 [42] | South Africa | Prospective cohort | Hospital | N/R | HepB-BD | 14 | 863 |
| Sadoh, 2008 [43] | Nigeria | Retrospective cohort | Hospital | N/R | HepB-BD | 0–1/7/14/ 28 |
512 |
| Sadoh, 2009 [44] | Nigeria | Retrospective cohort | Population | N/R | BCG, OPV0, HepB-BD | 14/28 | 493 |
| Olusanya, 2010 [45] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | Hospital | 68.9% | BCG | 14 | 5171 |
| Sadoh, 2013 [46] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | Hospital | N/R | BCG, OPV0, HepB-BD | 0–1/7/14/ 28 |
153 |
| Studies using both vaccination cards and clinical records | |||||||
| Borus, 2004 [47] | Kenya | Cross-sectional | Hospital | N/R | OPV0 | 14 | 392 |
| Kidane, 2013 [48] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | Population | N/R | OPV0 | 14 | 600 |
| Hoest, 2017 [49] | South Africa and Tanzania | Prospective cohort | Population | N/R | BCG, OPV0 | 7 | 253 |
* This study combined data from the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 29 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.