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Schematic illustration of steps of virus replication and virus-induced host immune response targeted by various therapies under investigation. ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; TMPRSS2: type 2 transmembrane serine protease; NHC: β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine; vRdRp: viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase; HHT: Homoharringtonine; and IFN: interferon.
