Table 3.

Intervention types - definitions, examples, frequency and association with intervention outcomes

Intervention Type	Definitiona	Example	No. used in very promising intervention	No. used in quite promising interventions	No. used in not promising interventions	Total no. of times used across all interventions	Promise ratio
Enablement	Increasing means/ reducing barriers to increase capability (beyond education or training) or opportunity (beyond environmental restructuring)	Providing feedback on prescribing e.g. sending prescribing profiles for the previous 3 months to prescribers at intervention sites [55]	7	8	4	19	3.75
Education	Increasing knowledge or understanding	Guidelines stating the recommended empirical antibiotic to be administered [61]	7	6	3	16	4.33
Training	Imparting skills	Delivering training sessions on how to use algorithms to support antibiotic prescription decision making [68]	3	4	2	9	3.5
Modelling	Providing an example for people to aspire to or imitate	Training sessions providing hypothetical case scenarios demonstrating the behaviour [68]	1	3	0	4	–
Environmental Restructuring	Changing the physical or social context	Assigning a team member to a new role [54]	6	7	4	17	3.25
Incentivisation	Creating an expectation of reward	Payment to intervention facilities to incentivise compliance to guidelines [53]	0	1	0	1	–
Restriction	Using rules to reduce the opportunity to engage in the target behaviour (or to increase the target behaviour by reducing the opportunity to engage in a competing behaviour)	Enforcing mandatory attendance to training on antimicrobial prescribing [53]	0	1	0	1	–
Persuasion	Using communication to induce positive or negative feelings or stimulate action	Using credible sources (such as colleagues perceived to be experts in infectious diseases) to reinforce messages from training, education sessions or guidelines [67]	7	3	2	12	5

^aDefinitions from [41].