Table 2.
Changes in means values for pain perception, health-related quality of life and psychological status within groups and comparison of these variables between the groups.
| Measurement / | MT group(n = 20) | PE group(n = 20) | ||
| assessment | Median (range) | Median (range) | Z | Adj. P |
| PLP (VAS) (mm) | ||||
| t0 | 70.5 (45–91)1,2 | 67.5 (42–85)1,2 | 0.528 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 7.5 (0–18)3 | 22.0 (13–27)3 | 5.258 | <0.001 |
| t2 | 2.0 (0–10)1 | 12.0 (7–18)1 | 5.309 | <0.001 |
| t3 | 0.0 (0–5)2,3 | 6.5 (0–11)2,3 | 5.215 | <0.001 |
| χ2; Adj.p | 55.918; < 0.001 | 60.000; < 0.001 | ||
| ATS; p | 44.327; <0.001 | |||
| SF-36- Physical functioning | ||||
| t0 | 34.1 (25.7–52.9)1,2,3 | 37.3 (25.7–52.9)1,2 | 0.400 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 49.9 (44.6–57.1)1 | 39.4 (36.2–52.9)3,4 | 3.342 | 0.003 |
| t2 | 57.1 (48.8–57.1)2 | 49.9 (40.4–57.1)1,3 | 3.169 | 0.006 |
| t3 | 56.1 (44.6–57.1)3 | 48.8 (36.2–57.1)2,4 | 2.796 | 0.021 |
| χ2; Adj.p | 53.182; <0.001 | 52.689; <0.001 | ||
| ATS; p | 14.333; <0.001 | |||
| SF-36- role limitation due to physical problems | ||||
| t0 | 42.1 (28.0–56.2)1,2 | 42.1 (28.0–56.2)1,2 | 0.354 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 52.7 (42.1–56.2) | 42.1 (35.0–56.2)3 | 1.839 | 0.264 |
| t2 | 56.2 (49.2–56.2)1 | 56.2 (42.1–56.2)1,3 | 1.606 | 0.433 |
| t3 | 56.2 (42.1–56.2)2 | 52.7 (42.1–56.2)2 | 1.883 | 0.239 |
| χ2; Adj. P | 38.147; <0.001 | 36.069;<0.001 | ||
| ATS; P | 2.552; 0.086 | |||
| SF-36- pain | ||||
| t0 | 33.2 (19.9–51.6)1,2,3 | 33.4 (19.9–51.6)1,2 | 0.208 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 49.1 (46.5–55.9)1 | 42.2 (37.5–51.6)3,4 | 3.676 | 0.001 |
| t2 | 55.9 (51.6–55.9)2 | 49.1 (37.5–62.7)1,3 | 2.355 | 0.074 |
| t3 | 55.9 (51.6–55.9)3 | 49.1 (37.5–62.7)2,4 | 2.246 | 0.099 |
| χ2; Adj. P | 53.827; <0.001 | 52.185; <0.001 | ||
| ATS; P | 8.997; 0.001 | |||
| SF-36- general health | ||||
| t0 | 28.9 (19.5–50.9)1,2,3 | 28.9 (19.5–50.9)1,2 | 0.083 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 49.7 (39.2–59.3)1 | |||
| 40.3 (34.5–50.9)3,4 | 2.813 | 0.020 | ||
| t2 | 59.3 (45.3–59.3)2 | 50.9 (39.2–59.3)1,3 | 1.766 | 0.310 |
| t3 | 59.3 (45.3–59.3)3 | |||
| 50.9 (39.2–59.3)2,4 | 1.747 | 0.323 | ||
| χ2; Adj. P | 54.134; <0.001 | 57.659; <0.001 | ||
| ATS; P | 5.834; 0.008 | |||
| SF-36-vitality | ||||
| t0 | 34.9 (27.8–46.7)1,2,3 | 34.9 (27.8–46.7)1,2 | 0.208 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 53.8 (53.8–56.2)1 | 46.7 (39.6–53.8)3,4 | 5.389 | <0.001 |
| t2 | 63.3 (53.8–65.6)2 | 55.0 (49.1–63.3)1,3 | 3.212 | 0.005 |
| t3 | 63.3 (53.8–65.6)3 | 53.8 (49.1–63.3)2,4 | 3.310 | 0.004 |
| χ2; Adj. P | 54.134; < 0.001 | 58.119; < 0.001 | ||
| ATS; P | 14.970; < 0.001 | |||
| SF-36-social functioning | ||||
| t0 | 35.4 (24.6–46.3)1,2,3 | 35.4 (24.6–46.3)1,2 | 0.187 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 46.3 (40.9–51.7)1 | 38.2 (35.4–46.3)3,4 | 3.120 | 0.007 |
| t2 | 51.7 (46.3–57.1)2 | 49.0 (40.9–57.1)1,3 | 2.953 | 0.013 |
| t3 | 51.7 (46.3–57.1)3 | 49.0 (40.9–57.1)2,4 | 2.767 | 0.023 |
| χ2; Adj. P | 54.000; < 0.001 | 57.675; <0.001 | ||
| ATS; P | 6.984; 0.007 | |||
| SF-36- role limitation due to emotional problems | ||||
| t0 | 44.8 (23.7–55.3)1,2 | 44.8 (23.7–55.3)1,2 | 0.241 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 55.3 (44.8–55.3) | 44.8 (34.3–55.3) | 1.396 | 0.651 |
| t2 | 55.3 (55.3–55.3)1 | 55.3 (44.8–55.3)1 | 2.623 | 0.035 |
| t3 | 55.3 (55.3–55.3)2 | |||
| 55.3 (44.8–55.3)2 | 2.623 | 0.035 | ||
| χ2; Adj. P | 38.257; < 0.001 | 39.000; < 0.001 | ||
| ATS; P-value | 2.316; 0.104 | |||
| SF-36- mental health | ||||
| t0 | 27.7 (20.9–41.4)1,2,3 | 27.7 (20.9–41.4)1,2 | 0.028 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 44.8 (36.8–48.2)1 | 33.4 (32.3–45.9)3 | 4.178 | <0.001 |
| t2 | 48.2 (39.1–59.5)2 | 39.1 (34.5–52.9)1,3 | 3.031 | 0.010 |
| t3 | 48.2 (39.1–59.5)3 | 39.1 (34.5–52.7)2 | 3.223 | 0.005 |
| χ2; Adj. P | 53.848; < 0.001 | 55.561; < 0.001 | ||
| ATS; P-value | 11.145; <0.001 | |||
| BDI | ||||
| t0 | 20.5 (12–44)1,2 | 19.5 (12–41)1,2 | 0.163 | 1.000 |
| t1 | 9.0 (6–32)3,4 | 15.0 (9–32)3,4 | 2.984 | 0.011 |
| t2 | 5.0 (0–24)1,3 | 13.0 (5–29)1,3 | 3.689 | 0.001 |
| t3 | 5.0 (0–22)2,4 | 13.0 (5–27)2,4 | 4.360 | <0.001 |
| χ2; Adj. P | 56.347; < 0.001 | 56.105; < 0.001 | ||
| ATS; P-value | 18.101; <0.001 | |||
MT group: mirror therapy group. PE group II: phantom exercise group *Adj.: adjusted P < 0.05 was considered significant based on z: Mann–Whitney U test, χ2: Freidman’s Test, ATS: ANOVA-type statistics of nonparametric LD designs PLP: Phantom limb pain VAS: visual analog scale SF-36: Short Form-36 BDI: Beck depression inventory t0: assessment before treatment, t1: assessment at the end of the treatment, t2: assessment 3 months after treatment, t3: 6 months after treatment