. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Asian Popul Stud. 2020 May 6;16(2):123–144. doi: 10.1080/17441730.2020.1757848

Appendix 5.

Results from Multilevel Mixed-Effects Regressions of Happiness on Parenthood and Work-Family Reconciliation Policies by Gender, Excluding Self-Employed

Men

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Model for Happiness, β_0j
Intercept, γ₀₀	3.045^*	3.403^**	4.639^**	3.434^*	3.291^*	3.258^*
Annual leave, γ₀₁		−0.043
Accumulation with seniority, γ₀₂		0.186
Maternity leave, γ₀₁			−0.052
Parental leave, γ₀₁				−0.010
Flexibility, γ₀₁					−0.136
Comprehensive Policy Index, γ₀₁						−0.049

Model for Parenthood Slope, β_1j
Intercept, γ₁₀	0.557^*	0.312⁺	−0.704^*	−0.183	0.297	0.227
Annual leave, γ₁₁		0.031^**
Accumulation with seniority, γ₁₂		−0.075^*
Maternity leave, γ₁₁			0.031^**
Parental leave, γ₁₁				0.019^**
Flexibility, γ₁₁					0.146^*
Comprehensive Policy Index, γ₁₁						0.076^*
Women

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)

Model for Happiness, β_0j
Intercept, γ₀₀	3.877^**	4.361^**	4.766^**	4.488^**	4.029^**	4.249^**
Annual leave, γ₀₁		−0.058^*
Accumulation with seniority, γ₀₂		0.138
Maternity leave, γ₀₁			−0.065^*
Parental leave, γ₀₁				−0.016
Flexibility, γ₀₁					−0.098
Comprehensive Policy Index, γ₀₁						−0.090

Model for Parenthood Slope, β_1j
Intercept, γ₁₀	−0.458⁺	−0.831^**	−1.591^**	−1.423^**	−0.764⁺	−0.972^**
Annual leave, γ₁₁		0.047^**
Accumulation with seniority, γ₁₂		−0.079
Maternity leave, γ₁₁			0.081^**
Parental leave, γ₁₁				0.025^**
Flexibility, γ₁₁					0.168⁺
Comprehensive Policy Index, γ₁₁						0.121^**

Note. Models include sociodemographic controls (age, age squared, family income, married, employed, education, occupation) at level 1 and GDP, TFR, extended family, and working hours at level 2 (country).

^**

p<0.01

p<0.05

⁺

p<0.1