Table 5.

Results from Multilevel Mixed-Effects Regressions of Happiness on Parenthood and Work-Family Reconciliation Policies

Fixed effects	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Models for Happiness, β0j
Intercept, γ00	3.176**	3.607**	4.451**	3.797*	3.411*	3.521**
Annual leave, γ02		−0.048
Accumulation with seniority, γ02		0.129
Maternity leave, γ02			−0.056
Parental leave, γ02				−0.016
Flexibility, γ02					−0.127
Comprehensive policy index, γ02						−0.075
GDP, γ03	0.000	−0.000	−0.000	−0.000	0.000	0.000
TFR, γ03	0.180	0.304	0.105	0.149	0.170	0.187
Extended family, γ03	−0.002	−0.010	−0.005	−0.003	−0.002	−0.003
Weekly working hours, γ03	0.018	0.009	0.001	0.008	0.013	0.012
Models for Parenthood Slope, β1j
Intercept, γ10	0.205	−0.118	−0.771**	−0.654*	−0.096	−0.236
Annual leave, γ12		0.036**
Accumulation with seniority, γ12		−0.068*
Maternity leave, γ12			0.043**
Parental leave, γ12				0.022**
Flexibility, γ12					0.161*
Comprehensive policy index, γ12						0.097**
GDP, γ13	0.000	0.000+	0.000**	0.000**	−0.000	0.000
TFR, γ13	−0.011	−0.101**	0.048**	0.036	0.004	−0.019
Extended family, γ13	0.002	0.007**	0.004**	0.004	0.002	0.003
Weekly working hours, γ13	−0.005	0.002	0.008**	0.009+	0.001	0.003
Random Effects (variance)
Country mean, u0j	0.045**	0.043**	0.043**	0.045**	0.045**	0.045**
Parent slope, u1j	0.004**	0.003**	0.002**	0.002**	0.003**	0.003**
Individual level, eij	0.707**	0.707**	0.707**	0.707**	0.707**	0.707**

Note. Models include sociodemographic controls (gender, age, age squared, family income, married, employed, education, occupation) at level 1.

^**p<0.01

^*p<0.05

⁺p<0.1