Appendix 2.

Results from Multilevel Mixed-Effects Regressions of Happiness on Parenthood and Work-Family Reconciliation Policies by Education

High-Educated
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Model for Happiness, β0j
Intercept, γ00	3.389**	3.723**	4.766**	4.524**	3.924**	3.841**
Annual leave, γ01		−0.044*
Accumulation with seniority, γ02		0.177+
Maternity leave, γ01			−0.065*
Parental leave, γ01				−0.029+
Flexibility, γ01					−0.258+
Comprehensive Policy Index, γ01						−0.111
Model for Parenthood Slope, β1j
Intercept, γ10	0.087	−0.195	−1.591**	−1.638**	−0.534	−0.517
Annual leave, γ11		0.042+
Accumulation with seniority, γ12		−0.117
Maternity leave, γ11			0.081**
Parental leave, γ11				0.045**
Flexibility, γ11					0.317**
Comprehensive Policy Index, γ11						0.150**
Low-Educated
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Model for Happiness, β0j
Intercept, γ00	3.443*	3.876**	4.639**	3.848*	3.566*	3.711*
Annual leave, γ01		−0.047
Accumulation with seniority, γ02		0.019
Maternity leave, γ01			−0.052
Parental leave, γ01				−0.011
Flexibility, γ01					−0.070
Comprehensive Policy Index, γ01						−0.059
Model for Parenthood Slope, β1j
Intercept, γ10	−0.009	−0.249	−0.704*	−0.503	−0.124	−0.284
Annual leave, γ11		0.027**
Accumulation with seniority, γ12		−0.023
Maternity leave, γ11			0.031**
Parental leave, γ11				0.013*
Flexibility, γ11					0.068
Comprehensive Policy Index, γ11						0.063**

Note. The high-educated refers to people with at least some post-secondary schooling; the low-educated refers to people with less than post-secondary schooling. Models include sociodemographic controls (gender, age, age squared, family income, married, employed, occupation) at level 1 and GDP, TFR, extended family, and working hours at level 2 (country).

^**p<0.01

^*p<0.05

⁺p<0.1