Fig. 2.

Normalized heart rates after listening to singing, from the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and typically developing (TD) cohorts (from previous work), and from the Angelman syndrome (AS) cohort. The circles show averaged values for individual subjects and are jittered to avoid overlap; the violin plots show kernel density estimations of the heart rate values; the horizontal lines indicate the group means; and the shaded boxes show the 95% confidence intervals of the means. The dotted line indicates 0, i.e., no change in heart rate from before songs to after songs. While typically developing people and people with PWS showed significant decreases in heart rate after music listening, relative to the baseline period before each song, participants with AS did not. Moreover, average heart rates after music listening were substantially higher in the AS cohort than in both the PWS and TD cohorts. ***p < .001; **p < .01