Table 6:

Instrumental variables model treating black identification as endogenous using African admixture in state as an instrument

	black	Log income
Black identification
Black or partly black		−0.232**
		(0.025)
Indigenous identification
Indigenous	0.697**	−0.044**
	(0.022)	(0.005)
Partly indigenous	0.938**	0.014
	(0.042)	(0.013)
Age	−0.004**	0.008**
	(0.001)	(0.000)
Years of education	0.014**	0.072**
	(0.002)	(0.000)
Urbanization
2,500 to 14,999 residents	0.083**	0.136**
	(0.021)	(0.005)
15,000 a 49,999 residents	−0.045*	0.182**
	(0.021)	(0.005)
50,000 a 99,999 residents	−0.027	0.198**
	(0.030)	(0.006)
100,000 and more residents	0.128**	0.285**
	(0.023)	(0.005)
Regions
Northwest	−0.734**	0.150**
	(0.082)	(0.007)
Northeast	−0.604**	0.020*
	(0.047)	(0.008)
Center-west	−0.489**	0.210**
	(0.024)	(0.005)
Admixture
Percent African admixture in state	0.159**
	(0.006)
Constant	−2.680**	7.322**
	(0.052)	(0.011)
P		0.190**
N		281,233

Note: Sample restricted to 10 states for which African admixture information is available.

^*p<.05

^**p<.01 (two-tailed tests). Wald test of indep. eqns. (ρ = 0): χ²(1) = 103.24, Prob > χ² = 0.0000