Table 2. The items of the Initial BLS Scale model and the related references.
| Category of factors | Factors | Items | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| External | Familiarity with high-tech digital tools (Modern) | As a learner, I am most familiar with … | [60, 61] |
| …(R1) interactive board Interactive learning tool–new generation | |||
| …(R2) Internet of Things (cloud-based service tools like Google Drive, Docs and Earth) | |||
| …(R3) software like IBM SPSS® software | |||
| …(R4) online course materials* | |||
| …(R5) e-textbooks* | |||
| …(R6) smartphones and tablets* | |||
| Familiarity with classical digital tools (Traditional) | As a learner, I am most familiar with … | ||
| …(R8) audio and video equipment | |||
| …(R9) digital projectors | |||
| …(R10) interactive exercises, games, and presentations | |||
| …(R11) laptop or computer | |||
| Mediating | Perceived barriers (Barrier) | The digital tools' usage in education is obstructs by… | [62] |
| …. (CR1) costs of different digital tools | |||
| …. (CR2) uncertainties related to the different digital tools' quality | |||
| … (CR3) too much time spend for learning to use its | |||
| … (CR4) lack of awareness of intellectual property | |||
| … (CR5) lack of proper digital competence | |||
| Computer anxiety (Anxiety) | (AT1) Working with digital tools makes me nervous. | [37] | |
| (AT2) Digital tools give me an unpleasant feeling. | [63] | ||
| (AT3) Digital tools make me feel uncomfortable. | [51] | ||
| Internal | Perceived usefulness (Usefulness) | (OR1) Digital tools use can improve my knowledge exchange. | [27] |
| (OR2) Digital tools use can enhance self-education. | |||
| (OR3) Digital tools use would allow me to complete homework more quickly. | |||
| (OR4) Digital tools use can increase my learning performance. | |||
| (OR5) Digital tools use can increase my learning efficiency. | |||
| Perceived Ease of Use | (PEU1) I find digital tools to be easy to use from anywhere. | [1, 64] | |
| (PEU2) Using any digital tools is clear and logical. | |||
| (PEU3) Digital tools provide flexibility in interaction with the user* | |||
| (PEU4) I could easily acquire useful skills needed to use any digital tools* | |||
| (PEU5) I find digital tools to be easy to use anytime* | |||
| (PEU6) I can use any digital tools without problems if I have support* | |||
| Behavioral Intention to Use | (BU1) Assuming I have permission to use, I will use different digital tools. | [58] | |
| (BU2) I will use different digital tools to search for data, if necessary. | |||
| (BU3) I intend to use different digital tools, but after I documented. |
* Eliminated during factor analyses.