Table 3. Structural equation modeling of association among maternal monitoring, bullying, internet use, deliberate self-harm and self-perceived happiness (Fig 1), and internet use (Fig 2).
| Fig 1 | β | p |
|---|---|---|
| Sex → SAS, 13 yr | −0.08 | <0.001 |
| Sex → internet use school days, 13 yr | 0.10 | <0.001 |
| Bullied 12 yr → PWB 12 yr | −0.12 | <0.001 |
| Bullied 12 yr → SAS 12 yr | −0.11 | <0.001 |
| Bullied 12 yr → bullied 13 yr | 0.32 | <0.001 |
| SAS 12 yr → bullied 13yr | −0.09 | <0.001 |
| Maternal monitoring → internet use school days 13 yr | −0.09 | <0.001 |
| Maternal monitoring → internet use days off school 13 yr | −0.14 | <0.001 |
| Maternal monitoring → deliberate self-harm | −0.08 | 0.002 |
| Bullied 12 yr → deliberate self-harm | 0.10 | <0.001 |
| Internet use days off school → deliberate self-harm | 0.06 | 0.036 |
| Maternal monitoring → SAS 13 yr | 0.20 | <0.001 |
| Maternal monitoring → PWB 13 yr | 0.05 | 0.034 |
| Friends → SAS 13 yr | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Friends → PWB 13 yr | 0.07 | 0.003 |
| SAS 12 yr → SAS 13 yr | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| PWB 12 yr → PWB 13 yr | 0.37 | <0.001 |
| SAS 12 yr → PWB 13 yr | 0.08 | 0.002 |
| Deliberate self-harm → SAS 13 yr | −0.06 | 0.007 |
| Deliberate self-harm → PWB 13 yr | −0.14 | <0.001 |
| Internet use schooldays → PWB 13 yr | −0.06 | 0.012 |
| Internet use off-school → SAS 13 yr | −0.04 | 0.047 |
| Fig 2 | β | p |
| Sex → SAS 13cyr | −0.07 | <0.001 |
| Sex → internet use ≥5 h/d school days 13 yr | 0.06 | <0.001 |
| Bullied 12 yr → PWB 12 yr | −0.12 | <0.001 |
| Bullied 12 yr → SAS 12 yr | −0.11 | <0.001 |
| Bullied 12 yr → bullied 13 yr | 0.32 | <0.001 |
| SAS 12 yr → bullied 13 yr | −0.09 | <0.001 |
| Mother monitoring → internet use ≥5 h/d school days 13 yr | −0.05 | 0.043 |
| Maternal monitoring → internet use ≥5 h/d days off school 13 yr | −0.10 | <0.001 |
| Maternal monitoring → deliberate self-harm | −0.08 | 0.002 |
| Bullied 12 yr → deliberate self-harm | 0.10 | <0.001 |
| Internet use ≥5 h/d days off school → deliberate self-harm | 0.05 | 0.052 |
| Mother monitoring → SAS 13 yr | 0.20 | <0.001 |
| Mother monitoring → PWB 13 yr | 0.05 | 0.036 |
| Friends → SAS 13 yr | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Friends → PWB 13 yr | 0.07 | 0.003 |
| SAS 12 yr → SAS 13 yr | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| PWB 12 yr → PWB 13 yr | 0.38 | <0.001 |
| SAS 12yr → PWB 13 yr | 0.08 | 0.002 |
| Deliberate self-harm → SAS 13 yr | −0.06 | 0.007 |
| Deliberate self-harm → PWB 13 yr | −0.13 | <0.001 |
| Internet use ≥5 h/d days off school → SAS 13 yr Internet use ≥5 h/d days off school → PWB 13 yr |
−0.04 −0.05 |
0.045 0.029 |
PWB: psychological well-being; SAS: social adaptation status