. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Surg Educ. 2020 Feb 5;77(4):969–977. doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.01.002

Table 6.

Percent improvement between phase-I and phase-II within each group.

Global Assessment Categories:	VR	SG	p-value
Time and Motion	38%	11%	0.18
Instrument Handling	50%	22%	0.59
Knowledge of instruments	50%	11%	0.03
Flow of operation & forward planning	50%	22%	0.10
Knowledge of specific procedure	50%	44%	0.80
Aggregate Score	63%	22%	0.23

Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni correction, significance set at p = 0.008. Knowledge of instruments trended towards but failed to reach significance.