Table 5.
Summary of study results related to efficiency.
| Study | Electronic data collection modality | Conventional data collection modality | Study author conclusions |
| Bedson et al (2019) [28] | Mean and max times to complete pain assessment: 2 and 5 min | Not reported | Not reported |
| Bishop et al (2010) [29] | 19 comments on quick to complete | 9 comments on quick to complete | Not reported |
| Blum et al (2014) [30] | 70% completed pain assessment in under 5 min | 88% completed pain assessment in under 5 min (questionnaire had fewer times than electronic modality) | Not reported |
| Gaertner et al (2004) [38] | No difference in time to complete pain assessments between groups (always less than 15 min/day) | —a | Not reported |
| Heiberg et al (2007) [40] | Time to complete the pain assessment similar between groups | — | Not reported |
| Kim et al (2016) [48] | 68.7% responded that the time to complete pain assessments positive or very positive | Not reported | Significant relationship regarding participants evaluation of the time to complete electronic questionnaire P<.001 |
| Kvien et al (2005) [50] | Mean (SD) time to complete pain assessment: 30.5 (16.0) min | Mean (SD) time to complete pain assessment: 24.9 (27.0) min | No significant difference between groups (P=.11) |
| MacKenzie et al (2011) [51] | Mean time to complete pain assessment: 25.0 min (range 5 to 80 min) | Mean time to complete pain assessment: 24.2 min (range 5 to 60 min) | Not reported |
| Pawar et al (2017) [57] | Mean time to complete pain assessment: 1.28 min (range 0.83-2.63 min) | Mean time to complete pain assessment: 3.7 min (range 2.42-5.23 min) | Not reported |
| Serif et al (2005) [62] | Mean time to complete pain assessment: 47 seconds | Mean time to complete pain assessment: 267 seconds | Not reported |
| Stinson et al (2008 and 2014) [5,24] | Most adolescents found the app quick to complete | Not reported | Not reported |
| Stinson et al (2012) [63] | Computer: mean (SD) time to complete pain assessment: 3.40 (1.53) min for older children, 4.00 (1.71) min for parents and 1.64 (1.50) min for younger children; Mobile phone: mean (SD) time to complete pain assessment: 5.90 (2.79) min for older children, 7.00 (4.08) min for parents and 1.82 (1.17) min for younger children | Mean (SD) time to complete pain assessment: 3.08 (1.66) min for older children, 2.28 (1.32) min for parents and 1.91 (1.81) min for younger children | Completion times significantly longer in electronic group for older children and parents (P=.001). No significant difference for younger children (P=.64) who completed a shorter assessment. |
| Stinson et al (2015) [7] | 93.2% and 91.7% of participants in the 2- and 3-week studies, respectively, found electronic diary quick to complete | Not reported | Not reported |
| Stomberg et al (2012) [64] | Participants reported electronic modality not time consuming | Not reported | Not reported |
| VanDenKerkhof et al (2003) [70] | Median (IQR) time to complete pain assessment: 206 (70) seconds | Median (IQR) time to complete pain assessment: 153 (85) seconds | Completion time significantly longer time to complete using electronic modality (P<.001) |
| VanDenKerkhof et al (2004) [71] | Median (IQR) time to complete pain assessment 2.8 min | Median (IQR) time to complete pain assessment 2.7 min | No significant difference between groups (P=.74) |
aN/A: not applicable.