Fig. 2.

Participants’ mean visual analog scale (VAS) ratings of withdrawal strength are shown for the 3- (unfilled circles) and 7- (filled circles) day patch application studies (top panel). Volunteers also rated “Do you feel any withdrawal discomfort,” which resulted in an almost identical set of values (not shown). Mean participant self-report ratings of withdrawal as measured by a 21-item Withdrawal Adjective Rating Scale are shown for the 3- and 7-day patch application studies (middle panel). Mean observer ratings of withdrawal as measured using a modified Himmelsbach withdrawal severity scale are shown for the 3- and 7-day patch application studies (bottom panel). Vertical bars represent SEM