Table 1.
Main approaches to develop vaccine candidates against AHSV
| Vaccine candidate | Article | Level of protection or immune responses in animal models or host |
|---|---|---|
| Subunit VP2, alone or in combination with VP5 and VP7 (AHSV-4 or 5) | Roy et al.; Martinez-Torrecuadrada et al.; Scanlen et al.; Aksular et al. [23,26,31,69] | Protection in mice and horses against homologous challenge |
| Multiserotype cocktail of VP2 (serotypes 2, 4, 5, 6, 9) | Kanai et al. [32] | Low cross-neutralizing antibody response for genetically related AHSV-8 |
| Plant-produced single or quimeric VLPs | Dennis et al.; Kutkowska et al. [34,36] | NAbs levels induced in horses similar to those obtained with AHSV LAVs |
| ALVAC canarypox-VP2/VP5 (AHSV-4) | Guthrie et al. [30] | Horses were protected against homologous challenge upon immunization with adjuvant |
| MVA-VP2 (AHSV-4) | Castillo-Olivares et al.; Calvo-Pinilla [20,41] | No viremia or clinical signs after challenge with homologous serotype in mice |
| MVA-VP2 (AHSV-9) | Alberca et al. [22] | Full protection against lethal challenge with homologous AHSV serotype |
| Cocktail of MVA-VP2 | Manning et al. [27] | Simultaneous vaccination with MVA-VP2 of two serotypes (4 and 9) triggered NAbs against a third serotype (AHSV-6) |
| DNA/MVA or MVA/MVA-VP2/NS1 (AHSV-4) | De la Poza [24] | Reduced viremia upon infection with heterologous serotype (AHSV-9) in mice |
| muNS/MVA-NS1 (AHSV-4) | Marín-López et al. [37•] | No viremia or clinical signs after challenge with heterologous AHSV-9 in mice |
| RG ECRA-AHSV-1 with Seg 2 of AHSV-4 | Lulla et al. [58••] | Survival in absence of body weight loss after AHSV-4 challenge in mice |
| Multiserotype cocktail ECRA-AHSV-1/4/6/8 | Lulla et al. [29••] | Partial protection of ponies against AHSV-4 challenge |
| RG DISA AHSV-5 | Van Rijn [28••] | DISA AHSV-5 partially protected ponies after homologous challenge |