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. 2020 Jul 11;12(4):805–822. doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01076-1

Table 3.

Examples of indicators susceptible to be used to assess long-term outcomes of food system resilience

Indicators of long-term outcomes Food security dimensions Actors
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale a Food Access Any consumers within the food system
Household Dietary Diversity Scores b Utilisation - Food Quality Any consumers within the food system
z-score c Utilisation - Food Quality Any consumers within the food system
Post-harvest contamination with mycotoxins d Utilisation – food safety Producers – processors - sellers
Post-harvest losses e Availability Producers - Processors
Nutrient leakages f Utilisation - Nutrition Producers – Processors - retailers
Presence of pesticide in food products g Utilisation – food safety Producers – processors - sellers
Price volatility index h Food access / Stability Any actors within the food system
Food waste i Availability Consumers

a: Coates et al. 2017; b: Swindale and Bilinsky, 2006; c: WHO 2006; d: Magan and Aldred 2007; e: FAO 1994; f: FAO 2011; g: WHO 2001; h: Díaz-Bonilla 2016; i: EPA 2014