. 2020 Jul 11;12(4):805–822. doi: 10.1007/s12571-020-01076-1

Table 3.

Examples of indicators susceptible to be used to assess long-term outcomes of food system resilience

Indicators of long-term outcomes	Food security dimensions	Actors
Household Food Insecurity Access Scale ^a	Food Access	Any consumers within the food system
Household Dietary Diversity Scores ^b	Utilisation - Food Quality	Any consumers within the food system
z-score ^c	Utilisation - Food Quality	Any consumers within the food system
Post-harvest contamination with mycotoxins ^d	Utilisation – food safety	Producers – processors - sellers
Post-harvest losses ^e	Availability	Producers - Processors
Nutrient leakages ^f	Utilisation - Nutrition	Producers – Processors - retailers
Presence of pesticide in food products ^g	Utilisation – food safety	Producers – processors - sellers
Price volatility index ^h	Food access / Stability	Any actors within the food system
Food waste ⁱ	Availability	Consumers

^a: Coates et al. 2017; ^b: Swindale and Bilinsky, 2006; ^c: WHO 2006; ^d: Magan and Aldred 2007; ^e: FAO 1994; ^f: FAO 2011; ^g: WHO 2001; ^h: Díaz-Bonilla 2016; ⁱ: EPA 2014