Table 2.

Summary of studies evaluating pectin, guar gum and glucomannan in dumping syndrome

Study	n	Treatment	Result
Jenkins et al.104	9	Pectin 14.5 g, single administration prior to OGTT	Improved symptoms and glycaemia levels (normalized in 46%) during OGTT
Jenkins et al.105	11	Pectin 14.5 g, single administration prior to OGTT	Improved postprandial levels of glucose, insulin and enteroglucagon; reduced hypoglycaemia
Leeds et al.153	11	Pectin 15 g, single administration prior to OGTT	Improved vasomotor symptoms and glycaemia levels, lower insulin levels and slower gastric emptying during OGTT
Lawaetz et al.44	4	Pectin 15 g, single administration prior to OGTT	Reduced vasomotor symptoms, lower levels of insulin, glucagon, neurotensin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and slower initial gastric emptying during OGTT
Andersen et al.100	5	Pectin 5 g, single administration prior to muffin meal	No effect on symptoms or gastric emptying rate
Harju and Larmi101	11	Guar gum 5 g with meals	Improvement of symptoms
Harju et al.102	11	Guar gum 5 g with meals	Slowing of gastric emptying
Harju and Makela103	11	Guar gum 5 g with a glucose challenge meal	Improvement of symptoms and hyperglycaemia after a glucose challenge meal
Kneepkens et al.106	8 children	Glucomannan 1.3 g, single administration prior to OGTT	Improvement of glucose tolerance, no effect on glucose absorption; however, no consistent effect on symptoms was seen

OGTT, modified oral glucose tolerance test.