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. 2020 Jul 10;10:11423. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68347-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PPARβ/δ silencing increases the immunoregulatory properties of MSC. (A–F) Naïve T-CD4 murine cells induced to differentiate into Th1 or Th17 cells were labelled with Cell Trace Violet (CTV) and cultured in the presence or absence (white bars) of either PPARβ/δ^+/+ (yellow bars) MSC or MSC deficient for PPARβ/δ (MSC PPARβ/δ^−/−) (brown bars). On the left panel, grey histograms represent Th1 (A) or Th17 (D) cells proliferation alone while yellow and brown histograms represent cells co-cultured with either MSC PPARβ/δ^+/+ or MSC PPARβ/δ^−/− respectively. Representative Dot Plot panels of IFNγ producing-Th1 cells (B) or IL17 producing Th17 cells (E) cocultured or not with either MSC PPARβ/δ^+/+ or MSC PPARβ/δ^−/−. Representative dot plot of Treg generation of Th1 (C) or Th17 cells (F) cocultured or not with either MSC PPARβ/δ^+/+ or MSC PPARβ/δ^−/−. (G) IL-6 production, (H) PDL1 expression level and (I) TGFβ1 production by MSC PPARβ/δ^+/+ or MSC PPARβ/δ^−/− pre-activated or not with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Statistics: non- paired Kruskal–Wallis test. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. Unless otherwise indicated, p values refer to values obtained for either CD4-Th1 or CD4-Th17 when cultured alone.