Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| PD-HI N = 20 | PD-LI N = 25 | Control N = 21 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, F/M | 12/8 | 15/10 | 8/13 | 0.27a |
| Age, years | 63.9 ± 10.2 | 65.8 ± 8.5 | 64.3 ± 10.3 | 0.78b |
| Education, years | 12 (12–15.5) | 12 (12–14) | 12 (12–15) | 0.88c |
| BIS-11 score |
66.0 ± 4.3 65 (62.3–69) |
54.4 ± 5.1 56 (50–58.5) |
56.6 ± 10.6 57 (47–67) |
< 0.0001c |
| Iat | 17.1 ± 2.4 | 13.8 ± 1.8 | 14.0 ± 4.0 | 0.0001b |
| Im | 22.2 ± 2.7 | 18.6 ± 3.0 | 19.8 ± 4.2 | 0.0031b |
| Inp | 26.8 ± 3.1 | 22.0 ± 3.2 | 22.8 ± 5.4 | 0.0005b |
| Age at onset, years | 56.8 ± 8.6 | 58.8 ± 2.1 | – | 0.47d |
| Duration, years | 6.3 (2.8 − 10.3) | 6.3 (2.4–9.0) | – | 0.89e |
| LEDD, mg | 463 (356–623) | 475 (319–663) | – | 0.97e |
| Levodopa, mg | 300 (38–438) | 300 (300–350) | – | 0.85e |
| Dopamine agonist, mg/LEDD | 150 (0–285) | 150 (19–233) | – | 0.73e |
| MMSE score | 29.5 (28.25–30) | 30 (29–30) | NA | 0.38e |
| FAB score | 15.5 (13–17) | 16 (14–17) | NA | 0.52e |
| Stroop | 8 (4.5–13.8) | 10 (5.5–16.5) | NA | 0.37c |
| MDS-UPDRS score | 47.6 ± 15.2 | 43.6 ± 25.7 | NA | 0.55d |
| Part 1 | 10 (6.25–13) | 7 (5.5–9.5) | NA | 0.047e |
| Part 2 | 12.5 (9.3–16.8) | 9 (4–12.5) | NA | 0.044e |
| Part 3 | 22.2 ± 7.7 | 23.8 ± 15.9 | 0 | 0.69d |
| Part 4 | 0 (0–2.75) | 1 (0–5) | NA | 0.17e |
Continuous variables are presented as means ± standard deviation and/or medians (interquartile range), depending on data distribution.
BIS-11 Barratt impulsiveness scale 11th version, LEDD levodopa-equivalent daily dose, MMSE mini-mental state examination, FAB frontal assessment battery, MDS-UPDRS movement disorder society-sponsored unified Parkinson’s disease-rating scale, NA not available.
aFisher’s exact test.
bOne-way analysis of variance.
cKruskal–Wallis test.
dt-test between PD-HI and PD-LI.
eWilcoxon rank-sum test between PD-HI and PD-LI.