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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 11.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Pharmacol. 2019 Mar 6;85:221–239. doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.02.001

Figure 1. Relationship between prevalence and predictive values.

Figure 1.

Positive post-test probability (left upper portion), a surrogate of PPV when pre-test probability or prevalence is estimated, increases with increasing prevalence, while negative post-test probability (right lower portion), a surrogate for negative predictive value (NPV), decreases. Blue-shaded areas show different levels sensitivity and specificity. For the different levels, both sensitivity and specificity were set at either 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95%. Vertical, grey-shaded areas show the approximate ranges of prevalence for idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) among users of a given IDILI-associated drug, for acute liver injury (ALI) among early-presenting acetaminophen (APAP) overdose patients, and for mortality among acute liver failure (ALF) patients.