. 2019 Oct 28;59(5):1785–1801. doi: 10.1007/s00394-019-02108-z

Table 6.

Changes in measurements of body composition (mean ± SD)

Study	Sample size (n =)	Measurement of body composition	Change in body composition (SD)	Significant improvement
Aquilani et al. [27]	I: 21 C:17	Arm muscle area (Skin fold measurement-derived; cm²)	I: 31.2 ± 9.9 to 34.9 ± 10.0 C: 34.2 ± 5.0 to 37.1 ± 4.0	I: Yes—P < 0.020 C: Yes—P < 0.020 Inter-group: P > 0.05
Tricep skinfold thickness (mm)	I: 10.4 ± 4.4 to 10.3 ± 3.9 C: 11.9 ± 3.7 to 11.4 ± 3.7	I: No—P > 0.05 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: No—P > 0.05
Body mass (kg)	I: 55.9 ± 17.0 to 58.2 ± 7.2 C: 60.8 ± 7.0 to 61.2 ± 6.3	I: Yes—P < 0.010 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: No—P > 0.05
BMI (kg/m²)	I: 22.5 ± 2.1 to 23.4 ± 1.9 C: 23.2 ± 1.4 to 23.6 ± 1.5	I: Yes—P < 0.010 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: No—P > 0.05
Rozentryt et al. [28]	I: 23 C:6	Lean body mass (DXA; kg)	I: 45.0 ± 12.5 to 45.5 ± 11.2 C: Not reported	I: Yes—P = 0.019 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: Not reported
Fat mass (DXA; kg)	I: 15.6 ± 8.9 to 16.6 ± 8.9 C: Not reported	I: Yes—P = 0.003 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: Not reported
Body mass (DXA; kg)	I: 63.9 ± 9.4 to 65.5 ± 10.3 C: Not reported	I: Yes—P = 0.003 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: Not reported
Pineda-Juarez et al. [29]	I: 29 C:26	Body mass (kg)	I: − 0.6 (− 4.4 to 2.1)^a C: -0.5 (− 2.4 to 2.7)^a	I: No—P > 0.05 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: No—P > 0.05
BMI (kg/m²)	I: − 0.4 (− 2.7 to 2.2)^a C: − 0.7 (− 2.1 to 2.3)^a	I: No—P > 0.05 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: No P > 0.05
Arm circumference (% change)	I: − 2.0 (− 7.4 to 3.3)^a C: − 4.0 (− 7.6 to 0.2)^a	I: No—P > 0.05 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: No P > 0.05
Hip circumference (% change)	I: − 3.1 (− 6.6 to − 1.1) C: − 1.5 (− 3.7 to − 1.8)	I: No—P > 0.05 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: No P > 0.05
Waist circumference (% change)	I: − 0.7 (− 3.2 to − 3.3) C: − 1.7 (− 3.7 to − 1.8)	I: No—P > 0.05 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: No P > 0.05
Wu et al. [30]	I: 14 C: 12	Lean body mass (DXA; kg)	I: 54.4 ± 2.8 to 56.1 ± 2.5 C: 52.4 ± 11.1 to 53.8 ± 12.8	I: Yes—< 0.05 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: Yes P = 0.040
Fat mass (DXA; kg)	I: 27.0 ± 7.5 to 26.0 ± 7.5 C: 25.0 ± 6.9 to 26.0 ± 6.9	I: No—P > 0.05 C: No—P > 0.05 Inter-group: No P > 0.05
BMI (DXA; kg/m²)	I: 30.0 ± 1.0 to 30.0 ± 1.0 C: 28.0 ± 2.0 to 29.0 ± 2.0	I: No - P > 0.05 C: No - P > 0.05 Inter-group: No P > 0.05
Lombardi et al. [32]	I: 13 C: N/A	BMI (kg/m²)	I: 25.7 ± 3.2 to 25.4 ± 2.8 C: N/A	I: No C: N/A Inter-group: N/A

Study

Sample size (n =)

Measurement of body composition

Change in body composition (SD)

Significant improvement

Aquilani et al. [27]

I: 21

C:17

Arm muscle area (Skin fold measurement-derived; cm²)

I: 31.2 ± 9.9 to 34.9 ± 10.0

C: 34.2 ± 5.0 to 37.1 ± 4.0

I: Yes—P < 0.020

C: Yes—P < 0.020

Inter-group: P > 0.05

Tricep skinfold thickness (mm)

I: 10.4 ± 4.4 to 10.3 ± 3.9

C: 11.9 ± 3.7 to 11.4 ± 3.7

I: No—P > 0.05

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: No—P > 0.05

Body mass (kg)

I: 55.9 ± 17.0 to 58.2 ± 7.2

C: 60.8 ± 7.0 to 61.2 ± 6.3

I: Yes—P < 0.010

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: No—P > 0.05

BMI (kg/m²)

I: 22.5 ± 2.1 to 23.4 ± 1.9

C: 23.2 ± 1.4 to 23.6 ± 1.5

I: Yes—P < 0.010

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: No—P > 0.05

Rozentryt et al. [28]

I: 23

C:6

Lean body mass (DXA; kg)

I: 45.0 ± 12.5 to 45.5 ± 11.2

C: Not reported

I: Yes—P = 0.019

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: Not reported

Fat mass (DXA; kg)

I: 15.6 ± 8.9 to 16.6 ± 8.9

C: Not reported

I: Yes—P = 0.003

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: Not reported

Body mass (DXA; kg)

I: 63.9 ± 9.4 to 65.5 ± 10.3

C: Not reported

I: Yes—P = 0.003

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: Not reported

Pineda-Juarez et al. [29]

I: 29

C:26

Body mass (kg)

I: − 0.6 (− 4.4 to 2.1)^a

C: -0.5 (− 2.4 to 2.7)^a

I: No—P > 0.05

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: No—P > 0.05

BMI (kg/m²)

I: − 0.4 (− 2.7 to 2.2)^a

C: − 0.7 (− 2.1 to 2.3)^a

I: No—P > 0.05

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: No P > 0.05

Arm circumference (% change)

I: − 2.0 (− 7.4 to 3.3)^a

C: − 4.0 (− 7.6 to 0.2)^a

I: No—P > 0.05

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: No P > 0.05

Hip circumference (% change)

I: − 3.1 (− 6.6 to − 1.1)

C: − 1.5 (− 3.7 to − 1.8)

I: No—P > 0.05

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: No P > 0.05

Waist circumference (% change)

I: − 0.7 (− 3.2 to − 3.3)

C: − 1.7 (− 3.7 to − 1.8)

I: No—P > 0.05

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: No P > 0.05

Wu et al. [30]

I: 14

C: 12

Lean body mass (DXA; kg)

I: 54.4 ± 2.8 to 56.1 ± 2.5

C: 52.4 ± 11.1 to 53.8 ± 12.8

I: Yes—< 0.05

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: Yes P = 0.040

Fat mass (DXA; kg)

I: 27.0 ± 7.5 to 26.0 ± 7.5

C: 25.0 ± 6.9 to 26.0 ± 6.9

I: No—P > 0.05

C: No—P > 0.05

Inter-group: No P > 0.05

BMI (DXA; kg/m²)

I: 30.0 ± 1.0 to 30.0 ± 1.0

C: 28.0 ± 2.0 to 29.0 ± 2.0

I: No - P > 0.05

C: No - P > 0.05

Inter-group: No P > 0.05

Lombardi et al. [32]

I: 13

C: N/A

BMI (kg/m²)

I: 25.7 ± 3.2 to 25.4 ± 2.8

C: N/A

I: No

C: N/A

Inter-group: N/A