Table 2.
HR and 95% CI for energy-adjusted food groups, divided according to categories of intake among participants in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort
| Intake categories | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Per intake category | |
| Fiber | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 147/19.1 | 89/19.7 | 81/20.1 | 55/20.4 | 57/20.6 | |
| Mean intake (E%) | 1.16 | 1.50 | 1.74 | 2.03 | 2.64 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.47–0.80) | 0.56 (0.42–0.74) | 0.41 (0.30–0.56) | 0.46 (0.33–0.63) | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.57–0.98) | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | 0.64 (0.46–0.89) | 0.80 (0.57–1.12) | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.56–1.04) | 0.68 (0.47–0.97) | 0.63 (0.43–0.94) | 0.62 (0.38–1.00) | 0.87 (0.79–0.97) |
| Whole grains | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 121/19.2 | 93/20.0 | 76/20.2 | 74/20.2 | 65/20.5 | |
| Mean intake (servings/1000 kcal) | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.59 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.60–1.04) | 0.66 (0.50–0.88) | 0.65 (0.48–0.86) | 0.60 (0.44–0.81) | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.70–1.21) | 0.83 (0.62–1.11) | 0.84 (0.63–1.14) | 0.79 (0.58–1.09) | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.75–1.43) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | 0.64 (0.41–1.00) | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) |
| Refined grains | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 84/20.1 | 64/20.0 | 101/19.9 | 80/20.0 | 100/20.0 | |
| Mean intake (servings/1000 kcal) | 0.50 | 0.84 | 1.08 | 1.34 | 1.88 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.54–1.03) | 1.11 (0.83–1.50) | 0.85 (0.62–1.15) | 0.95 (0.71–1.28) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | 1.07 (0.79–1.45) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.53–1.20) | 1.18 (0.81–1.71) | 0.91 (0.62–1.35) | 1.05 (0.71–1.55) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) |
| Potatoes | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 48/20.4 | 77/20.2 | 85/20.0 | 106/19.8 | 113/19.6 | |
| Mean intake (g/1000 kcal) | 19 | 37 | 50 | 65 | 97 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 1.44 (1.00–2.06) | 1.48 (1.04–2.11) | 1.71 (1.22–2.42) | 1.72 (1.22–2.41) | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 1.43 (0.99–2.05) | 1.46 (1.02–2.09) | 1.56 (1.11–2.21) | 1.53 (1.08–2.16) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.70–1.76) | 1.63 (1.07–2.48) | 1.36 (0.89–2.08) | 1.32 (0.86–2.03) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) |
| Total vegetables | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 144/18.9 | 106/19.8 | 67/20.2 | 61/20.4 | 51/20.8 | |
| Mean intake (g/1000 kcal) | 31 | 55 | 74 | 99 | 163 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) | 0.54 (0.40–0.73) | 0.57 (0.42–0.77) | 0.53 (0.38–0.75) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 0.67 (0.50–0.91) | 0.75 (0.55–1.03) | 0.71 (0.51–1.01) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.61–1.11) | 0.57 (0.40–0.83) | 0.62 (0.41–0.93) | 0.57 (0.35–0.93) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) |
| Leaf vegetables | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 121/18.6 | 100/19.6 | 77/20.1 | 56/20.3 | 35/20.4 | |
| Mean intake (g/1000 kcal) | 0 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 24 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 0.52 (0.34–0.79) | 0.45 (0.28–0.73) | 0.81 (0.74–0.90) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | 0.70 (0.51–0.98) | 0.53 (0.53–0.78) | 0.87 (0.81–0.94) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.75–1.45) | 1.06 (0.74–1.52) | 0.63 (0.41–0.97) | 0.62 (0.38–1.01) | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) |
| Root vegetables | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 100/19.6 | 76/19.7 | 69/19.7 | 82/19.9 | 62/20.1 | |
| Mean intake (g/1000 kcal) | 1 | 5 | 10 | 17 | 40 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 0.71 (0.52–0.96) | 0.88 (0.66–1.19) | 0.72 (0.52–0.996) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.61–1.12) | 0.84 (0.62–1.15) | 1.05 (0.78–1.41) | 0.94 (0.68–1.31) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.62–1.29) | 0.87 (0.59–1.27) | 1.10 (0.76–1.59) | 0.95 (0.62–1.44) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) |
| Carrots | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 102/19.5 | 88/19.6 | 70/19.8 | 71/20.0 | 58/20.1 | |
| Mean intake (g/1000 kcal) | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 11 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 0.73 (0.54–0.98) | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | 0.70 (0.51–0.98) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.71–1.28) | 0.84 (0.62–1.14) | 0.96 (0.70–1.30) | 0.94 (0.68–1.32) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.71–1.45) | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) | 1.03 (0.71–1.51) | 0.95 (0.61–1.46) | 0.99 (0.91–1.10) |
| Cabbage | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 239/19.96 | 64/20.21 | 63/19.95 | 63/19.96 | ||
| Mean intake (g/1000 kcal) | 0 | 3 | 9 | 25 | ||
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.69–1.19) | 0.88 (0.67–0.17) | 0.93 (0.71–1.24) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) | 0.91 (0.68–1.20) | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.72–1.40) | 0.86 (0.60–1.21) | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | |
| All fruits and berries | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 158/19.4 | 102/19.8 | 63/20.0 | 58/20.4 | 48/20.4 | |
| Mean intake (g/1000 kcal) | 23 | 53 | 79 | 112 | 187 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.52–0.86) | 0.45 (0.34–0.61) | 0.44 (0.32–0.60 | 0.42 (0.30–0.59) | 0.78 (0.72–0.84) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.63–1.05) | 0.64 (0.47–0.87) | 0.67 (0.48–0.92) | 0.67 (0.47–0.95) | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.56–1.05) | 0.70 (0.49–1.01) | 0.76 (0.51–1.11) | 0.60 (0.37–0.97) | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) |
| Fruits, citrus | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 141/19.3 | 98/19.9 | 76/20.1 | 62/20.3 | 52/20.4 | |
| Mean intake (g/1000 kcal) | 1 | 5 | 11 | 19 | 44 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) | 0.62 (0.47–0.82) | 0.55 (0.41–0.74) | 0.50 (0.36–0.70) | 0.83 (0.78–0.90) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.66–1.12) | 0.78 (0.59–1.04) | 0.75 (0.55–1.01) | 0.68 (0.49–0.95) | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.72–1.36) | 0.76 (0.53–1.09) | 0.84 (0.58–1.22) | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) | 0.92 (0.83–1.00) |
| Fruits, non-citrus | ||||||
| Cases/follow-up | 165/19.2 | 92/19.9 | 67/20.1 | 56/20.5 | 49/20.4 | |
| Mean intake (g/1000 kcal) | 14 | 36 | 56 | 83 | 144 | |
| Basic modela | 1.00 | 0.58 (0.45–0.75) | 0.46 (0.35–0.62) | 0.42 (0.31–0.57) | 0.41 (0.30–0.58) | 0.80 (0.72–0.84) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.57–0.96) | 0.62 (0.46–0.83) | 0.61 (0.44–0.84) | 0.65 (0.46–0.91) | 0.87 (0.81–0.95) |
| Excluding misreportersc | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.44–0.85) | 0.59 (0.41–0.85) | 0.61 (0.41–0.90) | 0.62 (0.39–0.98) | 0.87 (0.78–0.96) |
aAdjusted for age, sex, season, method and total energy intake
bAdjusted for age, sex, season, method, total energy intake, physical activity, education, alcohol, smoking and BMI
cAdjusted for age, sex, season, method, total energy intake, physical activity, education, alcohol, smoking, BMI and excluded dietary changers and misreporters