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. 2020 May 29;63(8):1603–1615. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05171-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — In vitro and acute in vivo effects of clenbuterol. (a) Clenbuterol stimulation of L6 myotubes induced glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner; n = 5–8; data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. (b, c) Stimulation of L6 myotubes stably expressing GLUT4myc with 1 μmol/l clenbuterol induces GLUT4 translocation as quantified in (c); n = 3; data were analysed with unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. Scale bars, 50 μm. (d) In vivo glucose uptake in gastrocnemius muscle of chow-fed mice treated with 1 mg/kg clenbuterol for 1 h; n = 5–6; data were analysed with unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. (e, f) Acute effects of clenbuterol on blood glucose (e) and plasma insulin (f); n = 6 (diet-induced obesity was developed in C57Bl/6N mice maintained at 30°C and on HFD for 7 months; mice were fasted in the morning for 6 h prior to clenbuterol, glucose or saline i.p. injection); data were analysed by two-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. In all graphs: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs vehicle (in e and f vs vehicle at the same time point)